{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963566548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2016.596","title":"WIDER FACE: A Face Detection Benchmark","display_name":"WIDER FACE: A Face Detection Benchmark","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963566548","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2016.596","mag":"2963566548"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2016.596","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2016.596","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176548","display_name":"IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings","issn_l":"1063-6919","issn":["1063-6919","2332-564X","2575-7075"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2963566548"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.06523","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101564739","display_name":"Shuo Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5754-3183","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5754-3183"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100752686","display_name":"Ping Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6685-7950","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6685-7950"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145761","display_name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gh4er46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, China","Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005626854","display_name":"Chen Change Loy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5345-1591","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5345-1591"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145761","display_name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gh4er46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Change Loy","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, China","Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110380387","display_name":"Xiaoou Tang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145761","display_name":"Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gh4er46","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoou Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, China","Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145761"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":44.5498,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1970,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99771424,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5525","last_page":"5533"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"face detection","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark-dataset","display_name":"benchmark dataset","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occlusion","display_name":"occlusion","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pose-variation","display_name":"pose variation","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-variation","display_name":"scale variation","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event-categories","display_name":"event categories","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/failure-cases","display_name":"failure cases","score":0.4300000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.8947373628616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8123250007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.7904756665229797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.7299617528915405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6420947909355164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.6393064260482788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71681937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object-class detection","level":5,"score":0.5257797241210938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.5107622146606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.47256535291671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.435903400182724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147037132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865426","display_name":"Minimum bounding box","level":3,"score":0.4226754307746887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4012020230293274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35569730401039124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34064966440200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.08979025483131409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cvpr.2016.596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2016.596","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2016.596","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210176548","display_name":"IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings","issn_l":"1063-6919","issn":["1063-6919","2332-564X","2575-7075"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1511.06523","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1511.06523","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.06523","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1511.06523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1511.06523","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1511.06523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1511.06523","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1511.06523","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.06523","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963566548.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963566548.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7746136","https://openalex.org/W182571476","https://openalex.org/W204612701","https://openalex.org/W345900524","https://openalex.org/W1600820485","https://openalex.org/W1795776638","https://openalex.org/W1818102884","https://openalex.org/W1849007038","https://openalex.org/W1903612395","https://openalex.org/W1934410531","https://openalex.org/W1949778830","https://openalex.org/W1970456555","https://openalex.org/W1980163762","https://openalex.org/W1991367009","https://openalex.org/W1998294030","https://openalex.org/W1998808035","https://openalex.org/W2012885984","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2034025266","https://openalex.org/W2041497292","https://openalex.org/W2047508432","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2089150756","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2100807570","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2104446196","https://openalex.org/W2107775979","https://openalex.org/W2121601095","https://openalex.org/W2125277152","https://openalex.org/W2145287260","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2157285372","https://openalex.org/W2159386181","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2169696215","https://openalex.org/W2209882149","https://openalex.org/W2247274765","https://openalex.org/W3097096317"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3003965678","https://openalex.org/W4301220330","https://openalex.org/W7160308750","https://openalex.org/W4402953315","https://openalex.org/W2798543382","https://openalex.org/W182571476","https://openalex.org/W7153199306","https://openalex.org/W2990975958","https://openalex.org/W2797498286","https://openalex.org/W4399946473"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Face":[0],"detection":[1,26,39,50,121],"is":[2,33,59,109],"one":[3],"of":[4,15,24,126],"the":[5,10,16,22,42,54,82],"most":[6],"studied":[7],"topics":[8],"in":[9,81,92,99],"computer":[11],"vision":[12],"community.":[13],"Much":[14],"progresses":[17],"have":[18],"been":[19],"made":[20],"by":[21],"availability":[23],"face":[25,38,49,77,115],"benchmark":[27,118],"datasets.":[28,65],"We":[29,117],"show":[30,104],"that":[31,105,145],"there":[32],"a":[34,131],"gap":[35],"between":[36],"current":[37],"performance":[40,128],"and":[41,76,95,129],"real":[43],"world":[44],"requirements.":[45],"To":[46],"facilitate":[47],"future":[48],"research,":[51],"we":[52,103,140],"introduce":[53],"WIDER":[55,106],"FACE":[56,107],"dataset1,":[57],"which":[58],"10":[60],"times":[61],"larger":[62],"than":[63],"existing":[64],"The":[66],"dataset":[67,84,108],"contains":[68],"rich":[69],"annotations,":[70],"including":[71],"occlusions,":[72],"poses,":[73],"event":[74],"categories,":[75],"bounding":[78],"boxes.":[79],"Faces":[80],"proposed":[83],"are":[85],"extremely":[86],"challenging":[87],"due":[88],"to":[89,133,147],"large":[90,136],"variations":[91],"scale,":[93],"pose":[94],"occlusion,":[96],"as":[97],"shown":[98],"Fig.":[100],"1.":[101],"Furthermore,":[102],"an":[110,124],"effective":[111],"training":[112],"source":[113],"for":[114],"detection.":[116],"several":[119],"representative":[120],"systems,":[122],"providing":[123],"overview":[125],"state-of-the-art":[127],"propose":[130],"solution":[132],"deal":[134],"with":[135],"scale":[137],"variation.":[138],"Finally,":[139],"discuss":[141],"common":[142],"failure":[143],"cases":[144],"worth":[146],"be":[148],"further":[149],"investigated.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":127},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":165},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":240},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":249},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":271},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":301},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":217},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":191},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":117},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":76},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2019-07-30T00:00:00"}