{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963397352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.78.052512","title":"Efficient positronium laser excitation for antihydrogen production in a magnetic field","display_name":"Efficient positronium laser excitation for antihydrogen production in a magnetic field","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963397352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.78.052512","mag":"2963397352"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/physreva.78.052512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.78.052512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.78.052512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164566984","display_name":"Physical Review A","issn_l":"0556-2791","issn":["0556-2791","1050-2947","1094-1622","1538-4446","2469-9926","2469-9934","2469-9942"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review A","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0804.0371","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026007239","display_name":"F. Castelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1485-6737","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1485-6737"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136779","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/04w4m6z96","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Castelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["INFN and Universit\u00e0 di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN and Universit\u00e0 di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017209544","display_name":"I. Boscolo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136779","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/04w4m6z96","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Boscolo","raw_affiliation_strings":["INFN and Universit\u00e0 di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN and Universit\u00e0 di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038103482","display_name":"S. Cialdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2733-927X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2733-927X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136779","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/04w4m6z96","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Cialdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["INFN and Universit\u00e0 di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN and Universit\u00e0 di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063159069","display_name":"Marco G. Giammarchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6509-6467","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6509-6467"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136779","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/04w4m6z96","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. G. Giammarchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["INFN and Universit\u00e0 di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN and Universit\u00e0 di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021447580","display_name":"D. Comparat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5884-2882","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5884-2882"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115729","display_name":"Laboratoire Aim\u00e9 Cotton","ror":"https://ror.org/021xexe56","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210115729"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136779","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/04w4m6z96","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}],"countries":["FR","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Comparat","raw_affiliation_strings":["INFN and Universit\u00e0 di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy","Laboratoire Aim\u00e9 Cotton, CNRS Univ Paris-Sud B\u00e2t.505, 91405 Orsay, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INFN and Universit\u00e0 di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire Aim\u00e9 Cotton, CNRS Univ Paris-Sud B\u00e2t.505, 91405 Orsay, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210115729"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2675,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2675},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4831,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93528972,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"5","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10523","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10523","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12579","display_name":"Muon and positron interactions and applications","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10425","display_name":"Cold Atom Physics and Bose-Einstein Condensates","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positronium","display_name":"positronium","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antihydrogen-production","display_name":"antihydrogen production","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rydberg-atoms","display_name":"Rydberg atoms","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-excitation","display_name":"laser excitation","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge-exchange","display_name":"charge exchange","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiprotons","display_name":"antiprotons","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zeeman-effect","display_name":"Zeeman effect","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motional-stark-effect","display_name":"motional Stark effect","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-step-excitation","display_name":"two-step excitation","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/absorption-probability","display_name":"absorption probability","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"magnetic field","score":0.6029999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11878816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216121","display_name":"Antihydrogen","level":5,"score":0.8311884999275208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.745871901512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184779094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26383","display_name":"Atomic physics","level":1,"score":0.7430241107940674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25227350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201805","display_name":"Zeeman effect","level":3,"score":0.6925491690635681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70747811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q661248","display_name":"Rydberg formula","level":4,"score":0.6780863404273987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83581075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361503","display_name":"Excitation","level":2,"score":0.6510953307151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154726568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624990","display_name":"Positronium","level":4,"score":0.5527757406234741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.49973201751708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4754335880279541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50126897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389407","display_name":"Stark effect","level":3,"score":0.4328669607639313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.4251860976219177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110916831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83197","display_name":"Antimatter","level":4,"score":0.2579795718193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.21302172541618347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.16899600625038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.1622910499572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198291218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190382","display_name":"Ionization","level":3,"score":0.1514778435230255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.13255304098129272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.09024694561958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202100949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3229","display_name":"Positron","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/physreva.78.052512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.78.052512","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.78.052512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164566984","display_name":"Physical Review A","issn_l":"0556-2791","issn":["0556-2791","1050-2947","1094-1622","1538-4446","2469-9926","2469-9934","2469-9942"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review A","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:0804.0371","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/0804.0371","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0804.0371","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.0804.0371","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0804.0371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0804.0371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:0804.0371","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/0804.0371","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/0804.0371","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321652","display_name":"Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich","ror":"https://ror.org/05a28rw58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1575385377","https://openalex.org/W1969276634","https://openalex.org/W1980733330","https://openalex.org/W1981254750","https://openalex.org/W1989674022","https://openalex.org/W1993190023","https://openalex.org/W1997896091","https://openalex.org/W1998322101","https://openalex.org/W1999781914","https://openalex.org/W2001379970","https://openalex.org/W2011861928","https://openalex.org/W2012318631","https://openalex.org/W2016608283","https://openalex.org/W2039162887","https://openalex.org/W2040960086","https://openalex.org/W2049624420","https://openalex.org/W2053214503","https://openalex.org/W2057278712","https://openalex.org/W2059426620","https://openalex.org/W2067370388","https://openalex.org/W2074081633","https://openalex.org/W2076570190","https://openalex.org/W2079661068","https://openalex.org/W2085660264","https://openalex.org/W2102072764","https://openalex.org/W2118960863","https://openalex.org/W2143346998","https://openalex.org/W2146290167","https://openalex.org/W2151719159","https://openalex.org/W2744142935","https://openalex.org/W3194944747","https://openalex.org/W4243129570","https://openalex.org/W4247326623","https://openalex.org/W4320909178"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2799457114","https://openalex.org/W2129495354","https://openalex.org/W2051279739","https://openalex.org/W7132600759","https://openalex.org/W2466004093","https://openalex.org/W1997896091","https://openalex.org/W2011211538","https://openalex.org/W1980733330","https://openalex.org/W1675341657","https://openalex.org/W7097169517"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Antihydrogen":[0],"production":[1],"by":[2,61],"charge":[3],"exchange":[4],"reaction":[5],"between":[6],"positronium":[7],"(Ps)":[8],"atoms":[9,18],"and":[10,45,63,79,91,130],"antiprotons":[11],"requires":[12],"an":[13],"efficient":[14],"excitation":[15],"of":[16,55,94],"Ps":[17,33],"up":[19],"to":[20,77,85],"high-$n$":[21,118],"levels":[22,57],"(Rydberg":[23],"levels).":[24],"In":[25],"this":[26,83],"study":[27],"it":[28],"is":[29,35,89,97],"assumed":[30],"that":[31],"a":[32,38,47,86,101],"cloud":[34],"produced":[36],"within":[37],"relatively":[39,48],"strong":[40],"uniform":[41],"magnetic":[42],"field":[43],"$(1\\phantom{\\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\\mathrm{T})$":[44],"with":[46,108,123],"high":[49],"temperature":[50],"$(100\\phantom{\\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\\mathrm{K})$.":[51],"Consequently,":[52],"the":[53,72,80,92,95,105],"structure":[54],"energy":[56],"are":[58],"deeply":[59],"modified":[60],"Zeeman":[62],"motional":[64],"Stark":[65],"effects.":[66],"A":[67,113],"two-step":[68],"laser":[69,111],"light":[70],"excitation,":[71],"first":[73],"one":[74],"from":[75,82],"ground":[76],"$n=3$":[78],"second":[81],"level":[84],"Rydberg":[87],"level,":[88],"proposed":[90],"physics":[93],"problem":[96],"discussed.":[98],"We":[99],"derive":[100],"simple":[102],"formula":[103],"giving":[104],"absorption":[106],"probability":[107],"substantially":[109],"incoherent":[110],"pulses.":[112],"30%":[114],"population":[115],"deposition":[116],"in":[117,128],"states":[119],"can":[120],"be":[121],"reached":[122],"feasible":[124],"lasers":[125],"suitably":[126],"tailored":[127],"power":[129],"spectral":[131],"bandwidth.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-07T09:51:55.459714","created_date":"2019-07-30T00:00:00"}