{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963339489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty869","title":"Cross-type biomedical named entity recognition with deep multi-task learning","display_name":"Cross-type biomedical named entity recognition with deep multi-task learning","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963339489","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty869","mag":"2963339489","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30307536"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52395412","display_name":"Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1367-4803","issn":["1367-4803","1367-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-a","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/09/18/256453.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100328989","display_name":"Xuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1381-8958","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1381-8958","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7661-969X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1381-8958","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003837744","display_name":"Yu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0540-6758","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0540-6758"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009408707","display_name":"Xiang Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-663X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-663X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100349352","display_name":"Yuhao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0115-9618","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0115-9618"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086052373","display_name":"Marinka \u017ditnik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8530-7228","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8530-7228"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marinka Zitnik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039500313","display_name":"Jingbo Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7249-4404","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7249-4404"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingbo Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087710258","display_name":"Curtis P. Langlotz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8051","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8051"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137306","display_name":"Stanford Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/03mtd9a03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Curtis Langlotz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137306","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019539533","display_name":"Jiawei Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3629-2696","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3629-2696"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009408707","https://openalex.org/A5100328989"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212","https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":{"value":3989,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3989},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.6134,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":276,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99346947,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"10","first_page":"1745","last_page":"1752"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-named-entity-recognition","display_name":"biomedical named entity recognition","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-task-learning","display_name":"multi-task learning","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-representations","display_name":"shared representations","score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limited-training-data","display_name":"limited training data","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence-labeling","display_name":"sequence labeling","score":0.6010000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8621801733970642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7661184072494507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.7522844076156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7111984491348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6143996715545654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.5849233269691467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5737987756729126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5483145117759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5360593795776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5110741853713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5010888576507568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35639132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7452468","display_name":"Sequence labeling","level":3,"score":0.48264938592910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.472523033618927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.47050613164901733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28006648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934509","display_name":"Multi-task learning","level":3,"score":0.45583418011665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.44136402010917664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07394534349441528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty869","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty869","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S52395412","display_name":"Bioinformatics","issn_l":"1367-4803","issn":["1367-4803","1367-4811"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","ccf-a","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","oarl","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1101/256453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/256453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/256453","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/09/18/256453.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:30307536","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30307536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1801.09851","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1801.09851","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.09851","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1801.09851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1801.09851","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1801.09851","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1101/256453","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/256453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/256453","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/09/18/256453.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1198008555","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF- 17-C-0099","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1346049954","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1U54GM114838","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1954967632","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"17-41317","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","funder_display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2411485408","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"16-18481","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","funder_display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6345180717","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"17-04532","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","funder_display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G948678646","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-09-2-0053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","funder_display_name":"Army Research Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337389","display_name":"Division of Information and Intelligent Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/053a2cp42"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","display_name":"Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963339489.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963339489.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1738019091","https://openalex.org/W1747861911","https://openalex.org/W1940872118","https://openalex.org/W1941318214","https://openalex.org/W1964670939","https://openalex.org/W1975212224","https://openalex.org/W1994306321","https://openalex.org/W2008795979","https://openalex.org/W2019772739","https://openalex.org/W2021331223","https://openalex.org/W2024412831","https://openalex.org/W2033237963","https://openalex.org/W2041073071","https://openalex.org/W2045017910","https://openalex.org/W2072789685","https://openalex.org/W2091432990","https://openalex.org/W2094591616","https://openalex.org/W2096951189","https://openalex.org/W2103151642","https://openalex.org/W2109555487","https://openalex.org/W2117130368","https://openalex.org/W2121802207","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2153118028","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2154142897","https://openalex.org/W2160022416","https://openalex.org/W2169491861","https://openalex.org/W2179519966","https://openalex.org/W2212494754","https://openalex.org/W2294516783","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2414378847","https://openalex.org/W2516255829","https://openalex.org/W2527896214","https://openalex.org/W2537623931","https://openalex.org/W2734608416","https://openalex.org/W2743028754","https://openalex.org/W2756381707","https://openalex.org/W2769093805","https://openalex.org/W2805310212","https://openalex.org/W2915806464","https://openalex.org/W2916047525","https://openalex.org/W2950133940","https://openalex.org/W2962897020","https://openalex.org/W2962902328"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2969181382","https://openalex.org/W4308444817","https://openalex.org/W2988766056","https://openalex.org/W4362564650","https://openalex.org/W3024305464","https://openalex.org/W4394875977","https://openalex.org/W2743028754","https://openalex.org/W4416527905","https://openalex.org/W4391427484","https://openalex.org/W4403144092"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"MOTIVATION:":[0],"State-of-the-art":[1],"biomedical":[2,123],"named":[3],"entity":[4,15,51],"recognition":[5],"(BioNER)":[6],"systems":[7,99],"often":[8],"require":[9],"handcrafted":[10],"features":[11],"specific":[12],"to":[13,33,62],"each":[14,50,78],"type,":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18],"genes,":[19],"chemicals":[20],"and":[21,73,100,118],"diseases.":[22],"Although":[23],"recent":[24],"studies":[25],"explored":[26],"using":[27],"neural":[28,102],"network":[29],"models":[30],"for":[31,49,60],"BioNER":[32,61,86,98],"free":[34],"experts":[35],"from":[36,115],"manual":[37],"feature":[38],"engineering,":[39],"the":[40,45,65,75,110],"performance":[41,76,94,112],"remains":[42],"limited":[43],"by":[44],"available":[46,136,144],"training":[47,66],"data":[48,67,142],"type.":[52],"RESULTS:":[53],"We":[54],"propose":[55],"a":[56],"multi-task":[57,89],"learning":[58],"framework":[59],"collectively":[63],"use":[64],"of":[68,71,79],"different":[69],"types":[70],"entities":[72,124],"improve":[74],"on":[77,83],"them.":[80],"In":[81],"experiments":[82],"15":[84],"benchmark":[85],"datasets,":[87],"our":[88],"model":[90],"achieves":[91],"substantially":[92],"better":[93],"compared":[95],"with":[96],"state-of-the-art":[97],"baseline":[101],"sequence":[103],"labeling":[104],"models.":[105],"Further":[106],"analysis":[107],"shows":[108],"that":[109],"large":[111],"gains":[113],"come":[114],"sharing":[116],"character-":[117],"word-level":[119],"information":[120],"among":[121],"relevant":[122],"across":[125],"differently":[126],"labeled":[127],"corpora.":[128],"AVAILABILITY":[129],"AND":[130],"IMPLEMENTATION:":[131],"Our":[132],"source":[133],"code":[134],"is":[135],"at":[137,145],"https://github.com/yuzhimanhua/lm-lstm-crf.":[138],"SUPPLEMENTARY":[139],"INFORMATION:":[140],"Supplementary":[141],"are":[143],"Bioinformatics":[146],"online.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2019-07-30T00:00:00"}
