{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963048948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2019.74012","title":"Removal of Pigments from Palm Oil Using Activated Ibusa Kaolinite: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies","display_name":"Removal of Pigments from Palm Oil Using Activated Ibusa Kaolinite: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963048948","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2019.74012","mag":"2963048948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4236/jmmce.2019.74012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2019.74012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2019.74012","pdf_url":"https://content.scirp.org/pdf/jmmce_2019072215223843.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764416086","display_name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4085","issn":["2327-4085","2327-4077"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://content.scirp.org/pdf/jmmce_2019072215223843.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016199102","display_name":"Vincent Nwoye Okafor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0085-5442","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0085-5442"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207227095","display_name":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University","ror":"https://ror.org/02r6pfc06","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Nwoye Okafor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043027042","display_name":"Ikechukwu  Abuchi Nnanwube","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0990-9566","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0990-9566"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118095","display_name":"Madonna University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r5xd980","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118095"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ikechukwu Abuchi Nnanwube","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Madonna University, Akpugo, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Madonna University, Akpugo, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050218542","display_name":"John Ifeanyi Obibuenyi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118095","display_name":"Madonna University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r5xd980","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118095"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Ifeanyi Obibuenyi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Madonna University, Akpugo, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Madonna University, Akpugo, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118095"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104095058","display_name":"Okechukwu Dominic Onukwuli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207227095","display_name":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University","ror":"https://ror.org/02r6pfc06","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Okechukwu Dominic Onukwuli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082717010","display_name":"Regina O. Ajemba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4557-350X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4557-350X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207227095","display_name":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University","ror":"https://ror.org/02r6pfc06","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Regina Obiageli Ajemba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043027042"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118095"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3669,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57510597,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"07","issue":"04","first_page":"157","last_page":"170"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10016","display_name":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","score":0.9315999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10016","display_name":"Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal","score":0.9315999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10909","display_name":"Edible Oils Quality and Analysis","score":0.03310000151395798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13604","display_name":"Adsorption, diffusion, and thermodynamic properties of materials","score":0.004999999888241291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1606","display_name":"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/palm-oil-bleaching","display_name":"palm oil bleaching","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pigment-removal","display_name":"pigment removal","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acid-activation","display_name":"acid activation","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrochloric-acid-treatment","display_name":"hydrochloric acid treatment","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adsorption-isotherms","display_name":"adsorption isotherms","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temkin-isotherm","display_name":"Temkin isotherm","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudo-second-order-kinetics","display_name":"pseudo-second-order kinetics","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intraparticle-diffusion","display_name":"intraparticle diffusion","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adsorption-thermodynamics","display_name":"adsorption thermodynamics","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cation-exchange-capacity","display_name":"cation exchange capacity","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-area","display_name":"surface area","score":0.6539999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779899878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223197","display_name":"Kaolinite","level":2,"score":0.8259662389755249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150394285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180254","display_name":"Adsorption","level":2,"score":0.7851952314376831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20976626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12571883","display_name":"Endothermic process","level":3,"score":0.7428861260414124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.6378874778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5946868658065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988237154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231458","display_name":"Palm oil","level":2,"score":0.587461531162262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777436746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2409","display_name":"Hydrochloric acid","level":2,"score":0.5274548530578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187530423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140503","display_name":"Particle size","level":2,"score":0.46790561079978943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13965031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q243545","display_name":"Nuclear chemistry","level":1,"score":0.41998013854026794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777021569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7128104","display_name":"Palm kernel","level":3,"score":0.4147948920726776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.39498990774154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.34414201974868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.3071410357952118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.2799055576324463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179104552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11165","display_name":"Inorganic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.19416239857673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.17842990159988403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0938953161239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4236/jmmce.2019.74012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2019.74012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2019.74012","pdf_url":"https://content.scirp.org/pdf/jmmce_2019072215223843.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764416086","display_name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4085","issn":["2327-4085","2327-4077"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4236/jmmce.2019.74012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2019.74012","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2019.74012","pdf_url":"https://content.scirp.org/pdf/jmmce_2019072215223843.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764416086","display_name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","issn_l":"2327-4085","issn":["2327-4085","2327-4077"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320480","host_organization_name":"Scientific Research Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320480"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Scientific Research Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.7811999917030334}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963048948.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2963048948.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965755507","https://openalex.org/W1972440755","https://openalex.org/W1978109312","https://openalex.org/W1983651378","https://openalex.org/W2041089596","https://openalex.org/W2046270225","https://openalex.org/W2055726083","https://openalex.org/W2150111304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524325409","https://openalex.org/W7098304840","https://openalex.org/W2598815808","https://openalex.org/W795272091","https://openalex.org/W4392363304","https://openalex.org/W4292120828","https://openalex.org/W2182812274","https://openalex.org/W4321596928","https://openalex.org/W2092131807","https://openalex.org/W7216856693"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,33,66,82,96,157,178],"effectiveness":[1],"of":[2,36,77,99,191],"Ibusa":[3,20],"kaolinite":[4,21],"as":[5,24,71],"an":[6,25,72],"adsorbent":[7,26,73],"in":[8,17,45,63,121],"removing":[9],"pigments":[10,78,100,118],"from":[11,79],"palm":[12,80],"oil":[13],"has":[14],"been":[15],"investigated":[16,86],"this":[18],"study.":[19],"was":[22,39,69,85,101,143,181],"prepared":[23],"by":[27,87,152],"treating":[28],"it":[29],"with":[30,43,61,188],"hydrochloric":[31],"acid.":[32],"surface":[34],"area":[35],"the":[37,75,89,131,139,146,153,162,174],"clay":[38,68,90,110],"found":[40,144,182],"to":[41,49,137,183],"increase":[42,44,62],"acid":[46,64,92],"dosage":[47,111],"up":[48],"a":[50],"maximum":[51],"and":[52,94,112,115,130,186],"then":[53],"de-creased":[54],"while":[55],"its":[56],"cation":[57],"exchange":[58],"capacity":[59],"decreased":[60],"dosage.":[65],"activated":[67],"used":[70],"for":[74],"removal":[76,98],"oil.":[81],"bleaching":[83,179],"process":[84],"varying":[88],"dosage,":[91],"concentration":[93],"temperature.":[95],"highest":[97],"recorded":[102],"at":[103],"7":[104],"M":[105],"HCl":[106],"concentration,":[107],"4":[108],"g":[109],"100\u00b0C":[113],"temperature,":[114],"about":[116],"97.4%":[117],"were":[119,135,149],"removed":[120],"80":[122],"minutes.":[123],"Four":[124],"isotherm":[125,155],"models,":[126,129],"three":[127],"kinetic":[128,164],"intra-particle":[132],"diffusion":[133,171],"model":[134],"applied":[136],"fit":[138],"experimental":[140,158],"data.":[141],"It":[142],"that":[145,169],"equilibrium":[147],"data":[148,159],"best":[150],"represented":[151],"Temkin":[154],"model.":[156,165],"fitted":[160],"well":[161],"pseudo-second-order":[163],"Diffusion":[166],"studies":[167],"indicated":[168],"in-tra-particle":[170],"is":[172],"not":[173],"sole":[175],"rate-controlling":[176],"factor.":[177],"pro-cess":[180],"be":[184],"spontaneous":[185],"endothermic,":[187],"increasing":[189],"random-ness":[190],"adsorbed":[192],"species.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2019-07-30T00:00:00"}