{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2962933705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.09167","title":"Diversity and its decomposition into variety, balance and disparity","display_name":"Diversity and its decomposition into variety, balance and disparity","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2962933705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.09167","mag":"2962933705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:arx:papers:1902.09167","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.09167","pdf_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.09167","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.09167","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073245796","display_name":"Alje van Dam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3321-6399","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3321-6399"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","display_name":"Utrecht University","ror":"https://ror.org/04pp8hn57","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"van Dam, Alje","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Complex Systems Studies (CCSS) , Utrecht University","Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development , Utrecht University","Utrecht University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Complex Systems Studies (CCSS) , Utrecht University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development , Utrecht University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Utrecht University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073245796"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13141","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Applications","score":0.5151000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13141","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Applications","score":0.5151000022888184,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14143","display_name":"Economic and Technological Innovation","score":0.0835999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10005","display_name":"Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies","score":0.057500001043081284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2309","display_name":"Nature and Landscape Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-measures","display_name":"diversity measures","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/varieties","display_name":"varieties","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balance","display_name":"balance","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disparity","display_name":"disparity","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-similarity","display_name":"feature similarity","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-similarity","display_name":"pairwise similarity","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-diversity","display_name":"industrial diversity","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-dimensional-data","display_name":"high-dimensional data","score":0.8130000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.8750293850898743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.8058707118034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.6725619435310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.6596950888633728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6572765707969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.6301416158676147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6274214386940002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5921443104743958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.5789180994033813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47002387046813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.45317748188972473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.41494351625442505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3526584506034851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0810316801071167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.07069405913352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.06282100081443787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:arx:papers:1902.09167","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.09167","pdf_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.09167","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1902.09167","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.09167","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.09167","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:egu:wpaper:1913","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://econ.geo.uu.nl/peeg/peeg1913.pdf","pdf_url":"http://econ.geo.uu.nl/peeg/peeg1913.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:2962933705","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/1902.09167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2996265901","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/egu/wpaper/1913.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306522008","display_name":"Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG)","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3125792944","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:arx:papers:1902.09167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1902.09167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.09167","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.09167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1902.09167","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.09167","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.09167","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6388720701","display_name":"The Genealogy of Novelty: An evolutionary explanation of breakthrough inventions in science, technology, and the arts","funder_award_id":"453-14-014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","funder_display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321800","display_name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/04jsz6e67"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2962933705.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2962933705.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503479763","https://openalex.org/W1653902796","https://openalex.org/W1964408286","https://openalex.org/W1966402429","https://openalex.org/W1992861449","https://openalex.org/W2006690660","https://openalex.org/W2022825068","https://openalex.org/W2044803677","https://openalex.org/W2076458767","https://openalex.org/W2082545449","https://openalex.org/W2096611253","https://openalex.org/W2107334015","https://openalex.org/W2110158660","https://openalex.org/W2117269329","https://openalex.org/W2120474334","https://openalex.org/W2122882636","https://openalex.org/W2129802470","https://openalex.org/W2129994723","https://openalex.org/W2133946740","https://openalex.org/W2134700941","https://openalex.org/W2138892454","https://openalex.org/W2141084958","https://openalex.org/W2141846515","https://openalex.org/W2144063472","https://openalex.org/W2148398225","https://openalex.org/W2148735094","https://openalex.org/W2320432931","https://openalex.org/W2871625235","https://openalex.org/W2950213143","https://openalex.org/W4234441199","https://openalex.org/W6962698574"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2795355951","https://openalex.org/W3186247726","https://openalex.org/W6948580343","https://openalex.org/W2278264611","https://openalex.org/W3088098421","https://openalex.org/W1523364819","https://openalex.org/W4250352568","https://openalex.org/W2129802470","https://openalex.org/W2767009407","https://openalex.org/W4391818488"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diversity":[0],"is":[1,12,98,145,165,189],"a":[2,200],"central":[3],"concept":[4],"in":[5,60,76,86,182,203],"many":[6],"fields.":[7],"Despite":[8],"its":[9,21],"importance,":[10],"there":[11],"no":[13],"unified":[14],"methodological":[15],"framework":[16,188],"to":[17,56,128,159,174,191],"measure":[18,111],"diversity":[19,113,171],"and":[20,27,82,123,125,155],"three":[22],"components":[23],"of":[24,35,74,78,84,88,101,112,120,136,205],"variety,":[25,121,153],"balance":[26,122,154],"disparity.":[28],"Current":[29],"approaches":[30],"take":[31,57,192],"into":[32,58,116,178,193],"account":[33,59,117,179,194],"disparity":[34,195],"the":[36,79,106,118,142,152,169,180,187],"types":[37,46,75,85,104],"by":[38,167],"considering":[39,196],"their":[40],"pairwise":[41,67],"similarities.":[42],"Pairwise":[43],"similarities":[44,68,100],"between":[45,72,103],"do":[47,69],"not":[48,70],"adequately":[49],"capture":[50],"total":[51],"disparity,":[52,124,156],"since":[53],"they":[54,184],"fail":[55],"which":[61,97,147],"way":[62],"pairs":[63],"are":[64],"similar.":[65],"Hence,":[66],"discriminate":[71],"similarity":[73,83],"terms":[77,87],"same":[80],"feature":[81],"different":[89],"features.":[90],"This":[91],"paper":[92],"presents":[93],"an":[94,130],"alternative":[95],"approach":[96],"based":[99],"features":[102],"over":[105],"whole":[107],"set.":[108],"The":[109,163],"proposed":[110],"properly":[114],"takes":[115],"aspects":[119],"without":[126],"having":[127],"set":[129],"arbitrary":[131],"weight":[132],"for":[133,151],"each":[134],"aspect":[135],"diversity.":[137],"Based":[138],"on":[139],"this":[140],"measure,":[141],"'ABC":[143],"decomposition'":[144],"introduced,":[146],"provides":[148],"separate":[149],"measures":[150],"allowing":[157],"them":[158],"enter":[160],"analysis":[161,204],"separately.":[162],"method":[164],"illustrated":[166],"analyzing":[168],"industrial":[170],"from":[172],"1850":[173],"present":[175],"while":[176],"taking":[177],"overlap":[181],"occupations":[183],"employ.":[185],"Finally,":[186],"extended":[190],"multiple":[197],"features,":[198],"providing":[199],"helpful":[201],"tool":[202],"high-dimensional":[206],"data.":[207]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2019-07-30T00:00:00"}