{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2962392377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3616","title":"What global reanalysis best represents near\u2010surface winds?","display_name":"What global reanalysis best represents near\u2010surface winds?","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2962392377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3616","mag":"2962392377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/qj.3616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70522100","display_name":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society","issn_l":"0035-9009","issn":["0035-9009","1477-870X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3616","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000688442","display_name":"Jaume Ram\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2818-5206","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2818-5206"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799803557","display_name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd8tv96","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaume Ramon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), c/ Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2818-5206","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), c/ Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000005454","display_name":"Lloren\u00e7 Lled\u00f3","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8628-6876","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8628-6876"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799803557","display_name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd8tv96","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lloren\u00e7 Lled\u00f3","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), c/ Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), c/ Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049599032","display_name":"Ver\u00f3nica Torralba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-1548","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8941-1548"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799803557","display_name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd8tv96","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ver\u00f3nica Torralba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), c/ Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), c/ Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019970445","display_name":"Albert Soret","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-2972","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-2972"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799803557","display_name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd8tv96","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert Soret","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), c/ Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), c/ Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077181632","display_name":"Francisco Javier Doblas-Reyes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6622-4280","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6622-4280"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11932220","display_name":"Instituci\u00f3 Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats","ror":"https://ror.org/0371hy230","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11932220"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799803557","display_name":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05sd8tv96","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco J. Doblas\u2010Reyes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), c/ Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain","ICREA, Pg. Llu\u00eds Companys 23 Barcelona Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), c/ Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICREA, Pg. Llu\u00eds Companys 23 Barcelona Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11932220"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000688442"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799803557"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"fwci":10.983,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":438,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99321312,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"145","issue":"724","first_page":"3236","last_page":"3251"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10680","display_name":"Wind Energy Research and Development","score":0.7807999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10680","display_name":"Wind Energy Research and Development","score":0.7807999849319458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.1468999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.02280000038444996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-reanalysis","display_name":"global reanalysis","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-surface-wind","display_name":"near-surface wind","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"wind speed","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/era5-reanalysis","display_name":"ERA5 reanalysis","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/era-interim","display_name":"ERA-Interim reanalysis","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jra-55","display_name":"JRA-55","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/merra-2","display_name":"MERRA-2","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-resource-assessment","display_name":"wind resource assessment","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interannual-variability","display_name":"interannual variability","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decadal-trends","display_name":"decadal trends","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reanalysis-evaluation","display_name":"reanalysis evaluation","score":0.621999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6757557988166809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.6607442498207092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5156289935112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.5006251335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126691448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2028919","display_name":"Magnitude (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.4550638198852539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17065495252609253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.14084026217460632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/qj.3616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70522100","display_name":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society","issn_l":"0035-9009","issn":["0035-9009","1477-870X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/qj.3616","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S70522100","display_name":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society","issn_l":"0035-9009","issn":["0035-9009","1477-870X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.685699999332428}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3770085057","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"776787","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4218010618","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BES\u20102017\u2010082216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4650094971","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"690462","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","ror":"https://ror.org/02vgg2808"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332181","display_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/02z5nhe81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332808","display_name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035jbxr46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333526","display_name":"Bonneville Power Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/05mb2ak88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338290","display_name":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1631236554","https://openalex.org/W1673670952","https://openalex.org/W1966354525","https://openalex.org/W1974038018","https://openalex.org/W1978601068","https://openalex.org/W1979249420","https://openalex.org/W1979993739","https://openalex.org/W1985479415","https://openalex.org/W1989120577","https://openalex.org/W1989133091","https://openalex.org/W1989668498","https://openalex.org/W1996768758","https://openalex.org/W2001855203","https://openalex.org/W2007669466","https://openalex.org/W2036045187","https://openalex.org/W2037470474","https://openalex.org/W2052114429","https://openalex.org/W2059205508","https://openalex.org/W2063824807","https://openalex.org/W2070652981","https://openalex.org/W2073599917","https://openalex.org/W2092827792","https://openalex.org/W2096147652","https://openalex.org/W2105103805","https://openalex.org/W2108896901","https://openalex.org/W2121745948","https://openalex.org/W2139514072","https://openalex.org/W2150818544","https://openalex.org/W2151249467","https://openalex.org/W2160581812","https://openalex.org/W2172578453","https://openalex.org/W2172639859","https://openalex.org/W2173251738","https://openalex.org/W2190728883","https://openalex.org/W2485586917","https://openalex.org/W2557590709","https://openalex.org/W2591541557","https://openalex.org/W2613426228","https://openalex.org/W2747780508","https://openalex.org/W2765399244","https://openalex.org/W2766407763","https://openalex.org/W2793609185","https://openalex.org/W2793688347","https://openalex.org/W2800737098","https://openalex.org/W2804729487","https://openalex.org/W2896857483","https://openalex.org/W2897538550","https://openalex.org/W2904386402","https://openalex.org/W2913653810","https://openalex.org/W2921000733","https://openalex.org/W3036498675","https://openalex.org/W3097169496","https://openalex.org/W3209603957","https://openalex.org/W4211210668"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3011524875","https://openalex.org/W2766407763","https://openalex.org/W3008168932","https://openalex.org/W2771048259","https://openalex.org/W4388686498","https://openalex.org/W4405810567","https://openalex.org/W1631236554","https://openalex.org/W3190214511","https://openalex.org/W3099199815","https://openalex.org/W2995068775"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"global":[1,81],"reanalysis":[2],"datasets":[3,47,132],"first":[4],"appeared":[5],"in":[6,133,164,180,204,228],"the":[7,17,20,51,54,66,71,88,93,104,127,140,143,181,194,199,209,214,220,231,242,247,255,262,266],"1990s,":[8],"they":[9],"have":[10,83],"become":[11],"an":[12,62],"essential":[13],"tool":[14],"to":[15,64,125,193,265],"understand":[16],"climate":[18,36],"of":[19,53,135,142,153,166,183,196,198,230,241],"past.":[21],"The":[22,178],"wind":[23,31,72,137],"power":[24],"industry":[25],"uses":[26],"those":[27],"products":[28,67],"extensively":[29],"for":[30,38,58,98,107,112],"resource":[32],"assessment,":[33],"while":[34],"several":[35],"services":[37],"energy":[39],"rely":[40],"on":[41,235],"them":[42],"as":[43],"well.":[44],"Nowadays":[45],"various":[46],"coexist,":[48],"which":[49,186],"complicates":[50],"selection":[52],"most":[55],"suitable":[56],"source":[57],"each":[59],"purpose.":[60],"In":[61],"effort":[63],"identify":[65],"that":[68,160,208],"best":[69,215],"represent":[70],"speed":[73],"features":[74],"at":[75],"turbine":[76],"hub":[77],"heights,":[78],"five":[79],"state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art":[80],"reanalyses":[82,243],"been":[84],"analysed:":[85],"ERA5,":[86],"ERA\u2010Interim,":[87],"Japanese":[89],"55\u2010year":[90],"Reanalysis":[91,116],"(JRA55),":[92],"Modern":[94],"Era":[95],"Retrospective":[96],"Analysis":[97],"Research":[99,114],"and":[100,103,145,174,218],"Applications\u20102":[101],"(MERRA2),":[102],"National":[105],"Centers":[106],"Environmental":[108],"Prediction":[109],"(NCEP)/National":[110],"Center":[111],"Atmospheric":[113],"(NCAR)":[115],"1":[117],"(R1).":[118],"A":[119],"multi\u2010reanalysis":[120,226],"ensemble":[121],"approach":[122],"is":[123,148],"used":[124],"explore":[126],"main":[128],"differences":[129,179],"amongst":[130],"these":[131,184],"terms":[134,165],"surface":[136,144,211],"characteristics.":[138],"Then,":[139],"quality":[141],"near\u2010surface":[146,257],"winds":[147,212,258],"evaluated":[149],"with":[150,203],"a":[151,225,236],"set":[152],"77":[154],"instrumented":[155],"tall":[156,232],"towers.":[157],"Results":[158],"reveal":[159],"important":[161],"discrepancies":[162],"exist":[163],"boreal":[167],"winter":[168],"seasonal":[169,251],"means,":[170],"interannual":[171],"variability":[172,222],"(IAV),":[173],"decadal":[175],"linear":[176],"trends.":[177],"computation":[182],"parameters,":[185],"are":[187],"mainly":[188],"concentrated":[189],"inland,":[190],"reach":[191],"up":[192],"order":[195],"magnitude":[197],"parameters":[200],"themselves.":[201],"Comparison":[202],"situ":[205],"observations":[206],"shows":[207],"ERA5":[210,260],"offer":[213,261],"agreement,":[216],"correlating":[217],"reproducing":[219],"observed":[221,267],"better":[223],"than":[224],"mean":[227,252],"35.1%":[229],"tower":[233],"sites":[234],"daily":[237],"time\u2010scale.":[238],"However,":[239],"none":[240],"stands":[244],"out":[245],"from":[246,259],"others":[248],"when":[249],"comparing":[250],"winds.":[253],"Regarding":[254],"IAV,":[256],"values":[263],"closest":[264],"IAV.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":92},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2019-07-23T00:00:00"}