{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2961715102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire2030040","title":"Escape Route Index: A Spatially-Explicit Measure of Wildland Firefighter Egress Capacity","display_name":"Escape Route Index: A Spatially-Explicit Measure of Wildland Firefighter Egress Capacity","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2961715102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire2030040","mag":"2961715102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fire2030040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire2030040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2030040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/2/3/40/pdf?version=1562567986","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172554","display_name":"Fire","issn_l":"2571-6255","issn":["2571-6255"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/2/3/40/pdf?version=1562567986","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032379173","display_name":"Michael J. Campbell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4449-9275","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4449-9275"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149471917","display_name":"Fort Lewis College","ror":"https://ror.org/00aad7q36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149471917"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Campbell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geosciences, Fort Lewis College, Durango, CO 81301, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4449-9275","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geosciences, Fort Lewis College, Durango, CO 81301, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149471917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079995922","display_name":"Wesley G. Page","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313416372","display_name":"US Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140135","display_name":"Rocky Mountain Research Station","ror":"https://ror.org/04347cr60","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210140135"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wesley G. Page","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, MT 59808, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, MT 59808, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I4210140135"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007620618","display_name":"Philip E. Dennison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-1917","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-1917"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip E. Dennison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-1917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000174018","display_name":"Bret W. Butler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313416372","display_name":"US Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140135","display_name":"Rocky Mountain Research Station","ror":"https://ror.org/04347cr60","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I1336096307","https://openalex.org/I4210140135"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bret W. Butler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, MT 59808, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, MT 59808, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313416372","https://openalex.org/I4210140135"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032379173"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149471917"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1013},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1013},"fwci":1.6731,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82632184,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"40","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.28200000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.28200000524520874,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11502","display_name":"Facility Location and Emergency Management","score":0.2734000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.1492999941110611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation-density","display_name":"vegetation density","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"land cover","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/travel-time-modeling","display_name":"travel time modeling","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angeles-national-forest","display_name":"Angeles National Forest","score":0.6840000152587891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.8555431365966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.7101668119430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5656108856201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5048876404762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.48774486780166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983732647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187997","display_name":"Vegetation cover","level":3,"score":0.4179949462413788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3956339359283447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38808751106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.3336821496486664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.271454393863678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.2170133888721466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1462710201740265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10535550117492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.08671566843986511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fire2030040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire2030040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2030040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/2/3/40/pdf?version=1562567986","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172554","display_name":"Fire","issn_l":"2571-6255","issn":["2571-6255"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a5df6232a2d64d6892901fbb5e600a27","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a5df6232a2d64d6892901fbb5e600a27","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fire, Vol 2, Iss 3, p 40 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fire2030040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fire2030040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2030040","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/2/3/40/pdf?version=1562567986","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172554","display_name":"Fire","issn_l":"2571-6255","issn":["2571-6255"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fire","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7250000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"},{"score":0.4390000104904175,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8184925157","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18JV11221637154","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332478","funder_display_name":"U.S. Forest Service"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306114","display_name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","ror":"https://ror.org/01na82s61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332478","display_name":"U.S. Forest Service","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmjc935"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2961715102.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2961715102.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1505951429","https://openalex.org/W1573201588","https://openalex.org/W1992971684","https://openalex.org/W2032962499","https://openalex.org/W2140459584","https://openalex.org/W2151262349","https://openalex.org/W2169528473","https://openalex.org/W2175476056","https://openalex.org/W2188390368","https://openalex.org/W2238368310","https://openalex.org/W2239783369","https://openalex.org/W2561481082","https://openalex.org/W2582847268","https://openalex.org/W2606168584","https://openalex.org/W2757151358","https://openalex.org/W2810927599","https://openalex.org/W2925909339","https://openalex.org/W2926860153","https://openalex.org/W2955404729"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3084596704","https://openalex.org/W2790753535","https://openalex.org/W4401981676","https://openalex.org/W4392376000","https://openalex.org/W7166567219","https://openalex.org/W7101059485","https://openalex.org/W2186180594","https://openalex.org/W7019205222","https://openalex.org/W2499614207","https://openalex.org/W28030215"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"wildland":[1,266,329],"firefighters,":[2],"the":[3,8,42,53,65,81,96,101,142,181,197,237,271,291],"ability":[4],"to":[5,27,73,95,216,229,248,269,273,280,302,327],"efficiently":[6],"evacuate":[7],"fireline":[9],"is":[10,76,128],"limited":[11,131],"by":[12,91,225],"terrain,":[13,219],"vegetation,":[14,94],"and":[15,22,93,113,172,193,211,316,346,352],"fire":[16,305,330],"conditions.":[17],"The":[18,135],"impacts":[19],"of":[20,44,59,80,103,130,138,144,161,169,176,183,336,342,349,360],"terrain":[21,112],"vegetation":[23,114,221,343],"on":[24,120,196,234,253],"evacuation":[25,139,188,293],"time":[26,43,86,189],"a":[28,45,56,77,85,250,304,313],"safety":[29],"zone":[30],"may":[31,277],"not":[32],"be":[33],"apparent":[34],"when":[35],"considering":[36],"potential":[37],"control":[38],"locations":[39,320],"either":[40],"at":[41],"wildfire":[46],"or":[47],"during":[48],"pre-suppression":[49],"planning.":[50],"To":[51],"address":[52],"need":[54],"for":[55,89,141,185,218,224,263,312],"spatially-explicit":[57],"measure":[58],"egress":[60,323],"capacity,":[61],"this":[62],"paper":[63],"introduces":[64],"Escape":[66],"Route":[67],"Index":[68],"(ERI).":[69],"Ranging":[70],"from":[71,236,290],"0":[72,127],"1,":[74],"ERI":[75,107,125,146,151,184,254,261,285,300],"normalized":[78],"ratio":[79],"distance":[82,98],"traveled":[83,99],"within":[84],"frame,":[87],"accounting":[88],"impedance":[90],"slope":[92,210],"optimal":[97],"in":[100,152,159,167,201,318,325,340],"absence":[102],"these":[104,281],"impediments.":[105],"An":[106],"approaching":[108,126],"1":[109],"indicates":[110],"that":[111,284,298],"conditions":[115,276],"should":[116],"have":[117,249,278],"little":[118],"impact":[119,252],"firefighter":[121,267,310],"mobility":[122],"while":[123,220],"an":[124],"representative":[129],"cross-country":[132],"travel":[133,154,212,231],"mobility.":[134],"directional":[136],"nature":[137],"allows":[140],"computation":[143],"four":[145],"metrics:":[147],"(1)":[148],"ERImean":[149],"(average":[150],"all":[153],"directions);":[155],"(2)":[156],"ERImin":[157],"(ERI":[158,166],"direction":[160,168],"lowest":[162],"egress);":[163,171],"(3)":[164],"ERImax":[165,177],"highest":[170],"(4)":[173],"ERIazimuth":[174],"(azimuth":[175],"direction).":[178],"We":[179,258,296],"demonstrate":[180],"implementation":[182],"three":[186],"different":[187],"frames":[190],"(10,":[191],"20,":[192],"30":[194],"min)":[195],"Angeles":[198],"National":[199],"Forest":[200],"California,":[202],"USA.":[203],"A":[204],"previously":[205],"published,":[206],"crowd-sourced":[207],"relationship":[208],"between":[209],"rate":[213],"was":[214,222,246],"used":[215],"account":[217],"accounted":[223],"using":[226],"land":[227],"cover":[228,245],"adjust":[230],"rates":[232],"based":[233],"factors":[235],"Wildland":[238],"Fire":[239],"Decision":[240],"Support":[241],"System":[242],"(WFDSS).":[243],"Land":[244],"found":[247],"stronger":[251],"values":[255,262,286],"than":[256],"slope.":[257],"also":[259],"modeled":[260],"several":[264],"recent":[265],"entrapments":[268],"assess":[270],"degree":[272],"which":[274,326],"landscape":[275],"contributed":[279],"events,":[282],"finding":[283],"were":[287],"generally":[288],"low":[289],"crews\u2019":[292],"starting":[294],"points.":[295],"conclude":[297],"mapping":[299,345],"prior":[301],"engaging":[303],"could":[306],"help":[307],"inform":[308],"overall":[309],"risk":[311,335],"given":[314],"location":[315],"aid":[317],"identifying":[319],"with":[321],"greater":[322],"capacity":[324],"focus":[328],"suppression,":[331],"thus":[332],"potentially":[333],"reducing":[334],"entrapment.":[337],"Continued":[338],"improvements":[339],"accuracy":[341],"density":[344],"increased":[347],"availability":[348],"light":[350],"detection":[351],"ranging":[353],"(lidar)":[354],"will":[355],"greatly":[356],"benefit":[357],"future":[358],"implementations":[359],"ERI.":[361]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2019-07-23T00:00:00"}
