{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2958147690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a2","title":"Economic and Social Determinants of Child Labour: A Case Study of Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan","display_name":"Economic and Social Determinants of Child Labour: A Case Study of Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2958147690","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a2","mag":"2958147690"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a2","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124152463","display_name":"The Lahore journal of economics","issn_l":"1811-5438","issn":["1811-5438","1811-5446"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"THE LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a2","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113937104","display_name":"Muhammad Aslam Chaudhary","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Aslam Chaudhary","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , Islamabad , Pakistan","Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , Islamabad , Pakistan","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101083774","display_name":"Farzana Naheed Khan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12469534","display_name":"Quaid-i-Azam University","ror":"https://ror.org/04s9hft57","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farzana Naheed Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University , Islamabad , Pakistan","Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University , Islamabad , Pakistan","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12469534"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2579,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89369629,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"15","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13762","display_name":"Education and Labor Relations","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-labor","display_name":"child labor","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/determinants-of-child-labor","display_name":"determinants of child labor","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty","display_name":"poverty","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fertility","display_name":"fertility","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adult-illiteracy","display_name":"adult illiteracy","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-system","display_name":"education system","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-size","display_name":"family size","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-conditions","display_name":"working conditions","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-health","display_name":"child health","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dera-ismail-khan","display_name":"Dera Ismail Khan","score":0.8510000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777464741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192571","display_name":"Child labour","level":3,"score":0.8762253522872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152545","display_name":"Functional illiteracy","level":2,"score":0.7321062088012695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518429986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964401","display_name":"Fertility","level":3,"score":0.5896610021591187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776689383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2717283","display_name":"Labour supply","level":2,"score":0.5390346646308899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.5270699858665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.5063477754592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.48091718554496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46299933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61559","display_name":"Child mortality","level":3,"score":0.46039265394210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4444449245929718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4121595025062561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.361880362033844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.35292911529541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.32414954900741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.31823164224624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.2818034291267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.280386745929718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.202980637550354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.1831899881362915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a2","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124152463","display_name":"The Lahore journal of economics","issn_l":"1811-5438","issn":["1811-5438","1811-5446"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"THE LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a2","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i2.a2","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S124152463","display_name":"The Lahore journal of economics","issn_l":"1811-5438","issn":["1811-5438","1811-5446"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","doaj"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"THE LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.8974000215530396,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.6025999784469604,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4043000042438507,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2958147690.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2958147690.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W68646077","https://openalex.org/W338016625","https://openalex.org/W387497236","https://openalex.org/W1493344837","https://openalex.org/W1513116548","https://openalex.org/W1550939641","https://openalex.org/W1552862632","https://openalex.org/W1579344322","https://openalex.org/W1604283604","https://openalex.org/W1971310904","https://openalex.org/W1973430873","https://openalex.org/W1997747505","https://openalex.org/W2001465702","https://openalex.org/W2011897075","https://openalex.org/W2032498967","https://openalex.org/W2039810561","https://openalex.org/W3123108441"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281707909","https://openalex.org/W7220268546","https://openalex.org/W4224026245","https://openalex.org/W2889580208","https://openalex.org/W4414816283","https://openalex.org/W7171348677","https://openalex.org/W7219552320","https://openalex.org/W2765187056","https://openalex.org/W7217609045","https://openalex.org/W7160635808"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"identifies":[2],"important":[3],"economic":[4],"and":[5,28,43,75,175],"social":[6,111],"determinants":[7],"of":[8,19,24,59,83,99,113,143],"child":[9,32,60,84,94,128,148,158,177],"labour,":[10,95],"taking":[11],"grassroots":[12],"level":[13],"data":[14],"on":[15,31,147],"the":[16,56,63,81,97,114,124,135,141,144],"working":[17,106],"children":[18,120],"Dera":[20],"Ismail":[21],"Khan":[22],"City":[23],"Pakistan.":[25],"Working":[26],"conditions":[27],"their":[29,108],"impact":[30],"health":[33],"are":[34,47],"also":[35,78],"identified.":[36],"The":[37,50,86,110,162],"variables":[38],"like":[39],"fertility,":[40,70],"adult":[41,73],"literacy":[42],"schooling":[44,76],"system":[45,77,112],"etc.,":[46],"empirically":[48],"examined.":[49],"analysis":[51],"shows":[52],"that":[53],"poverty":[54],"is":[55,88,130,138,173,179],"main":[57],"cause":[58],"labour":[61,129,159,178],"in":[62,134,169],"city":[64],"while":[65],"other":[66],"factors":[67],"such":[68],"as":[69],"family":[71],"size,":[72],"illiteracy":[74],"contribute":[79],"to":[80,121,140],"supply":[82],"labour.":[85,149],"situation":[87],"comparatively":[89],"less":[90],"serious":[91],"for":[92],"female":[93,119,127],"showing":[96],"importance":[98],"traditional":[100],"factors,":[101],"which":[102,137,172],"restrict":[103],"females":[104],"from":[105],"outside":[107,123],"homes.":[109],"area":[115,171],"does":[116],"not":[117,131,154],"allow":[118],"work":[122],"home.":[125],"Therefore,":[126],"wide":[132,180],"spread":[133],"city,":[136],"contradictory":[139],"findings":[142],"national":[145,151],"survey":[146],"Thus,":[150],"surveys":[152],"do":[153],"accurately":[155],"represent":[156],"regional":[157],"by":[160],"sex.":[161],"present":[163],"study":[164],"has":[165],"been":[166],"carried":[167],"out":[168],"an":[170],"backward":[174],"where":[176],"spread.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2019-07-23T00:00:00"}
