{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2954835002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2019.1628623","title":"Black Ops: Islamic State and Innovation in Irregular Warfare","display_name":"Black Ops: Islamic State and Innovation in Irregular Warfare","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2954835002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2019.1628623","mag":"2954835002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/1057610x.2019.1628623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2019.1628623","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2019.1628623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41746314","display_name":"Studies in Conflict and Terrorism","issn_l":"1057-610X","issn":["1057-610X","1521-0731"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048809143","display_name":"Craig Whiteside","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4094-7173","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4094-7173"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59036183","display_name":"Naval War College","ror":"https://ror.org/01hehsy63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59036183"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Craig Whiteside","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval War College Monterey, US Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4094-7173","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval War College Monterey, US Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215","https://openalex.org/I59036183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071619454","display_name":"Ian Rice","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9449-6080","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9449-6080"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Rice","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9449-6080","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041967123","display_name":"Daniele Raineri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-359X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-359X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Raineri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Il Foglio, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4693-359X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Il Foglio, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048809143"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215","https://openalex.org/I59036183"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.2552,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97292909,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"12","first_page":"1190","last_page":"1217"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13494","display_name":"Military History and Strategy","score":0.023000000044703484,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12550","display_name":"Politics and Conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Middle East","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islamic-state","display_name":"Islamic State","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/special-operations","display_name":"special operations","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irregular-warfare","display_name":"irregular warfare","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insurgency","display_name":"insurgency","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leadership","display_name":"leadership","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propaganda","display_name":"propaganda","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centralized-resource-allocation","display_name":"centralized resource allocation","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-decision-making","display_name":"strategic decision-making","score":0.6399999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4445939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432","display_name":"Islam","level":2,"score":0.8552293181419373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510578393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323212","display_name":"Insurgency","level":3,"score":0.5622051358222961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777582232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013414","display_name":"CONTEST","level":2,"score":0.5596976280212402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5497109889984131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.5464143753051758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010072","display_name":"Militant","level":3,"score":0.5388424396514893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.48905858397483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3988012671470642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.39801931381225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.34626707434654236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3447902202606201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3397054672241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3013377785682678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.27963560819625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.09964144229888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/1057610x.2019.1628623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2019.1628623","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2019.1628623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41746314","display_name":"Studies in Conflict and Terrorism","issn_l":"1057-610X","issn":["1057-610X","1521-0731"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:taf:uterxx:v:44:y:2021:i:12:p:1190-1217","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1080/1057610X.2019.1628623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406776828","https://openalex.org/W7207865965","https://openalex.org/W4400201515","https://openalex.org/W4411182243","https://openalex.org/W6996749309","https://openalex.org/W3175910509","https://openalex.org/W3130344793","https://openalex.org/W3207646874","https://openalex.org/W2603780896","https://openalex.org/W4411181416"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"studies":[2,57],"non-state":[3],"militant":[4],"group":[5],"emulation":[6],"and":[7,25,84,114,129,140],"development":[8],"of":[9,23,31,42,45,69,86,97,143,163,166,173],"a":[10,46,106,148],"special":[11,47,89,103,149],"operation":[12],"capability":[13,151],"that":[14,39,152],"stands":[15],"in":[16,37,78,137,147],"stark":[17],"contrast":[18],"to":[19,58,80,145],"the":[20,43,51,60,82,134,138,160,164],"normal":[21],"repertoire":[22],"guerilla":[24],"terror":[26],"tactics.":[27],"Building":[28],"on":[29],"evidence":[30,96],"one":[32],"well-documented":[33],"Islamic":[34,70,87,101,135],"State":[35,71,88,102,136],"attack":[36],"2012":[38],"fit":[40],"many":[41],"criteria":[44],"operation,":[48],"we":[49,122],"analyzed":[50],"mission":[52],"using":[53],"concepts":[54],"from":[55],"strategic":[56,155],"understand":[59,81],"decision-making":[61,139],"behind":[62],"it.":[63],"We":[64,93],"then":[65],"expanded":[66],"our":[67],"search":[68],"operational":[72],"claims":[73],"looking":[74],"for":[75],"other":[76],"examples,":[77],"order":[79],"scope":[83],"frequency":[85],"operations":[90,104,150],"since":[91],"2006.":[92],"found":[94],"solid":[95],"at":[98],"least":[99],"three":[100],"over":[105],"decade:":[107],"Ramadi,":[108],"Iraq":[109,112,117],"(2007),":[110],"Haditha,":[111],"(2012),":[113],"Abu":[115],"Ghraib/Taji,":[116],"(2013).":[118],"Using":[119],"these":[120],"insights,":[121],"present":[123],"two":[124],"key":[125],"levers":[126],"\u2013":[127],"leadership":[128],"propaganda":[130],"-":[131],"used":[132],"by":[133],"centralized":[141],"distribution":[142],"resources":[144],"invest":[146],"produced":[153],"outsized":[154],"effects.":[156],"These":[157],"findings":[158],"contest":[159],"conventional":[161],"wisdom":[162],"future":[165],"insurgency":[167],"as":[168],"decentralized":[169],"structures":[170],"made":[171],"up":[172],"loose,":[174],"leaderless":[175],"networks.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2019-07-12T00:00:00"}
