{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2953536130","doi":null,"title":"The Ferguson Effect in Contemporary Policing: Assessing Police Officer Willingness to Engage the Public","display_name":"The Ferguson Effect in Contemporary Policing: Assessing Police Officer Willingness to Engage the Public","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2953536130","mag":"2953536130"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:academicworks.cuny.edu:gc_etds-4367","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3296","pdf_url":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4367&context=gc_etds","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196304","display_name":"CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","host_organization_name":"City University of New York","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects","raw_type":"dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4367&context=gc_etds","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055187338","display_name":"Christopher Mercado","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Mercado","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055187338"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12474","display_name":"Education Discipline and Inequality","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ferguson-effect","display_name":"Ferguson Effect","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-discretion","display_name":"police discretion","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/de-policing","display_name":"de-policing","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-legitimacy","display_name":"police legitimacy","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minority-groups","display_name":"minority groups","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersectionality","display_name":"intersectionality","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-recruitment","display_name":"police recruitment","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-york-city-police-department","display_name":"New York City Police Department","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-stops","display_name":"traffic stops","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-demonstrations","display_name":"public demonstrations","score":0.6259999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777189325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61022630","display_name":"Officer","level":2,"score":0.8414980173110962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.5384390950202942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4483276903629303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4263615012168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.4219174385070801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.39791396260261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2506864666938782}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:academicworks.cuny.edu:gc_etds-4367","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3296","pdf_url":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4367&context=gc_etds","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196304","display_name":"CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","host_organization_name":"City University of New York","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects","raw_type":"dissertation"},{"id":"mag:2953536130","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4367&context=gc_etds","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:academicworks.cuny.edu:gc_etds-4367","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3296","pdf_url":"https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4367&context=gc_etds","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196304","display_name":"CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I174216632","host_organization_name":"City University of New York","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174216632"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects","raw_type":"dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2953536130.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2953536130.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":84,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64581525","https://openalex.org/W84264404","https://openalex.org/W102652947","https://openalex.org/W102826459","https://openalex.org/W105322173","https://openalex.org/W113663040","https://openalex.org/W315177940","https://openalex.org/W631533447","https://openalex.org/W649725611","https://openalex.org/W656291311","https://openalex.org/W1013552198","https://openalex.org/W1498183232","https://openalex.org/W1564879520","https://openalex.org/W1653124710","https://openalex.org/W1702480698","https://openalex.org/W1886723030","https://openalex.org/W1964866699","https://openalex.org/W1964930820","https://openalex.org/W1965242200","https://openalex.org/W1977317018","https://openalex.org/W1981721960","https://openalex.org/W1985405511","https://openalex.org/W1988858783","https://openalex.org/W1996606548","https://openalex.org/W2003599393","https://openalex.org/W2004373108","https://openalex.org/W2006236695","https://openalex.org/W2010639892","https://openalex.org/W2021341568","https://openalex.org/W2022607690","https://openalex.org/W2028381766","https://openalex.org/W2035904778","https://openalex.org/W2037583556","https://openalex.org/W2045371085","https://openalex.org/W2052334556","https://openalex.org/W2062966269","https://openalex.org/W2064331553","https://openalex.org/W2066130996","https://openalex.org/W2072085393","https://openalex.org/W2072335343","https://openalex.org/W2087754834","https://openalex.org/W2092446601","https://openalex.org/W2097708231","https://openalex.org/W2111259779","https://openalex.org/W2112348462","https://openalex.org/W2113577965","https://openalex.org/W2119046183","https://openalex.org/W2120773016","https://openalex.org/W2130652559","https://openalex.org/W2137802026","https://openalex.org/W2141993304","https://openalex.org/W2143683758","https://openalex.org/W2144066268","https://openalex.org/W2147543203","https://openalex.org/W2150509580","https://openalex.org/W2157196655","https://openalex.org/W2160898801","https://openalex.org/W2165850863","https://openalex.org/W2169524611","https://openalex.org/W2170465704","https://openalex.org/W2171703674","https://openalex.org/W2179100046","https://openalex.org/W2212609381","https://openalex.org/W2274419533","https://openalex.org/W2293245720","https://openalex.org/W2315882956","https://openalex.org/W2330882904","https://openalex.org/W2465044431","https://openalex.org/W2469708599","https://openalex.org/W2492154207","https://openalex.org/W2509107293","https://openalex.org/W2528468538","https://openalex.org/W2531715013","https://openalex.org/W2622212165","https://openalex.org/W2725432041","https://openalex.org/W2766274546","https://openalex.org/W2766555867","https://openalex.org/W2797531749","https://openalex.org/W2798774402","https://openalex.org/W2810841747","https://openalex.org/W2892107119","https://openalex.org/W2892338067","https://openalex.org/W3125448453","https://openalex.org/W4317646102"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2996748131","https://openalex.org/W4210853690","https://openalex.org/W3010064436","https://openalex.org/W4205567142","https://openalex.org/W7107856386","https://openalex.org/W3211094713","https://openalex.org/W2742834471","https://openalex.org/W3033223924","https://openalex.org/W2561865511","https://openalex.org/W4287831660"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Researchers":[0],"suggest":[1],"that":[2,270],"as":[3],"public":[4,129],"scrutiny":[5],"and":[6,58,63,88,131,200,220,268,312],"video":[7],"recording":[8,210],"of":[9,40,60,155,207,238,248,300],"violent/tumultuous":[10],"police":[11,14,35,46,76,85,233,314],"encounters":[12],"increase,":[13],"would":[15,271],"back":[16],"away":[17],"from":[18,73],"proactive":[19],"enforcement,":[20],"resulting":[21,202],"in":[22,25,48,78,183,217,226,304],"an":[23],"increase":[24],"crime\u2014the":[26],"Ferguson":[27],"Effect.":[28],"Recent":[29],"scholarship":[30],"refined":[31],"these":[32],"concerns":[33,303],"over":[34],"disengagement":[36],"with":[37,115,122,236,276,283],"the":[38,56,79,111,147,152,159,184,201,227,249,289,301],"study":[39,67,281],"de-policing,":[41],"while":[42,146],"other":[43],"scholars":[44],"explored":[45],"self-legitimacy,":[47],"order":[49],"to":[50,82,94,110,158,186,244,297,308],"explain":[51,187],"law":[52,70,143,198],"enforcement":[53,71,97,144,189,199,203,230],"behavior,":[54],"given":[55],"immediacy":[57],"ubiquity":[59],"social":[61],"media":[62],"digital":[64],"communication.":[65],"This":[66,280],"surveyed":[68],"792":[69],"officers":[72],"10":[74],"different":[75],"agencies":[77],"United":[80],"States,":[81],"ascertain":[83],"if":[84],"officers\u2019":[86],"personal":[87],"contextual":[89],"characteristics":[90],"influence":[91],"their":[92,188],"decision":[93],"either":[95],"take":[96],"action":[98,252],"(i.e.,":[99,106],"summons":[100],"or":[101,103,167],"arrest)":[102],"extend":[104,245],"discretion":[105,246],"let":[107],"them":[108],"go)":[109],"people":[112],"they":[113,241],"interact":[114],"during":[116],"minor":[117],"offenses.":[118],"Respondents":[119,178],"were":[120,179],"presented":[121],"six":[123],"vignettes,":[124],"which":[125],"included":[126],"cars":[127],"stops,":[128],"demonstrations,":[130],"street":[132],"fights.":[133],"The":[134,205],"first":[135],"three":[136,149],"scenarios":[137,150],"established":[138],"a":[139,168,284],"behavioral":[140],"baseline":[141],"for":[142,254,261,266],"action,":[145],"next":[148],"had":[151],"added":[153],"variable":[154,278],"presenting":[156],"challenges":[157,222],"officer\u2019s":[160],"authority:":[161],"cell":[162,208],"phone":[163],"recording,":[164],"verbal":[165],"challenge,":[166],"passive":[169,221],"challenge":[170],"(e.g.,":[171],"jotting":[172],"down":[173],"name,":[174],"badge":[175],"number,":[176],"etcetera).":[177],"provided":[180],"open":[181],"fields":[182],"survey":[185],"decisions.":[190],"Logistic":[191],"regression":[192],"testing":[193],"found":[194],"significance":[195],"between":[196],"challenging":[197],"decision.":[204],"presence":[206],"phones":[209],"police-public":[211],"interactions":[212],"will":[213,224],"often":[214],"not":[215,272],"end":[216],"enforcement.":[218],"Verbal":[219],"however,":[223],"result":[225],"officer":[228],"taking":[229],"action.":[231],"When":[232],"are":[234,242],"dealing":[235],"members":[237],"minority":[239],"communities":[240],"likely":[243],"65%":[247],"time.":[250],"Enforcement":[251],"taken":[253],"teenage":[255],"offenders":[256],"is":[257],"about":[258],"49%.":[259],"Testing":[260],"intersectionality":[262],"demonstrated":[263],"significant":[264],"relationships":[265],"race":[267],"gender,":[269],"be":[273],"readily":[274],"discernable":[275],"traditional":[277],"designations.":[279],"concludes":[282],"policy":[285,307],"recommendation":[286],"based":[287],"on":[288],"New":[290],"York":[291],"City":[292],"Police":[293],"Department\u2019s":[294],"recruitment":[295,306],"strategies":[296],"address":[298],"one":[299],"primary":[302],"policing\u2014effective":[305],"create":[309],"tomorrows":[310],"equitable":[311],"inclusive":[313],"departments.":[315]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2019-07-12T00:00:00"}