{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2952999656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p28","title":"Evolution of U.S. Presidential Discourse over 230 Years: A Psycholinguistic Perspective","display_name":"Evolution of U.S. Presidential Discourse over 230 Years: A Psycholinguistic Perspective","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2952999656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p28","mag":"2952999656"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5539/ijel.v9n4p28","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p28","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p28","pdf_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijel/article/download/0/0/39772/40710","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764545032","display_name":"International Journal of English Linguistics","issn_l":"1923-869X","issn":["1923-869X","1923-8703"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322531","host_organization_name":"Canadian Center of Science and Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Center of Science and Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of English Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijel/article/download/0/0/39772/40710","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101543613","display_name":"Xueliang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4101-8544","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4101-8544"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueliang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Linguistics and Translation , School of International Studies , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310058 , China","Department of Linguistics and Translation, School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Linguistics and Translation , School of International Studies , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , 310058 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Linguistics and Translation, School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013559952","display_name":"Jie Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2219-2587","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2219-2587"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Linguistics and Translation, School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Linguistics and Translation, School of International Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2222,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96540321,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"28","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13814","display_name":"Cultural and political discourse analysis","score":0.4458000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13814","display_name":"Cultural and political discourse analysis","score":0.4458000063896179,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10366","display_name":"Discourse Analysis in Language Studies","score":0.17430000007152557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.12229999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presidential-rhetoric","display_name":"presidential rhetoric","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-presidents","display_name":"American presidents","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authenticity","display_name":"authenticity","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"affect","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-orientation","display_name":"time orientation","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-and-negative-emotions","display_name":"positive and negative emotions","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presidential-speeches","display_name":"presidential speeches","score":0.6060000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197487636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49892","display_name":"Presidential system","level":3,"score":0.8898468613624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6489014625549316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5142344832420349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84389358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129466","display_name":"Discourse analysis","level":2,"score":0.4797338545322418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.47396036982536316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.46035879850387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148609458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7021281","display_name":"Nexus (standard)","level":2,"score":0.45902615785598755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.41516488790512085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.41330233216285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3579573631286621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.32640331983566284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.11338108777999878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.10884705185890198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.10438567399978638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.086984783411026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.08242833614349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.07944753766059875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5539/ijel.v9n4p28","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p28","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p28","pdf_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijel/article/download/0/0/39772/40710","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764545032","display_name":"International Journal of English Linguistics","issn_l":"1923-869X","issn":["1923-869X","1923-8703"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322531","host_organization_name":"Canadian Center of Science and Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Center of Science and Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of English Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5539/ijel.v9n4p28","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p28","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v9n4p28","pdf_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijel/article/download/0/0/39772/40710","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764545032","display_name":"International Journal of English Linguistics","issn_l":"1923-869X","issn":["1923-869X","1923-8703"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322531","host_organization_name":"Canadian Center of Science and Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Center of Science and Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of English Linguistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2952999656.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2952999656.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W631502266","https://openalex.org/W1549351522","https://openalex.org/W1600791756","https://openalex.org/W1892321282","https://openalex.org/W1964093956","https://openalex.org/W1964567091","https://openalex.org/W1984495866","https://openalex.org/W2025943944","https://openalex.org/W2035069541","https://openalex.org/W2049626917","https://openalex.org/W2078397769","https://openalex.org/W2091034860","https://openalex.org/W2095120972","https://openalex.org/W2102100411","https://openalex.org/W2119415273","https://openalex.org/W2139974690","https://openalex.org/W2148942255","https://openalex.org/W2169125244","https://openalex.org/W2253388610","https://openalex.org/W2273557396","https://openalex.org/W2281492572","https://openalex.org/W2401534721","https://openalex.org/W2479851581","https://openalex.org/W2548778847","https://openalex.org/W2557098363","https://openalex.org/W2576270884","https://openalex.org/W2606021079","https://openalex.org/W2743160520","https://openalex.org/W2748312112","https://openalex.org/W2800324063","https://openalex.org/W2808282544","https://openalex.org/W2809922701","https://openalex.org/W2883028600","https://openalex.org/W2888957035","https://openalex.org/W2901176476","https://openalex.org/W2902396499","https://openalex.org/W2912215939","https://openalex.org/W2915177913","https://openalex.org/W2926116009","https://openalex.org/W2930446584","https://openalex.org/W2933897566","https://openalex.org/W4230349394","https://openalex.org/W4248639508"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3155479587","https://openalex.org/W7138830844","https://openalex.org/W3091586232","https://openalex.org/W7213522523","https://openalex.org/W2014763451","https://openalex.org/W4311794841","https://openalex.org/W2304264759","https://openalex.org/W7125901605","https://openalex.org/W2381596439","https://openalex.org/W2982309513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Much":[0],"of":[1,47,68,73,100,147,159,167,175,191,242,267],"recent":[2,282],"research":[3],"on":[4,10,33,66,114,125,161,169,177,260],"U.S":[5],"presidential":[6,58,74,105,131],"discourse":[7,59,158,166,174,266],"has":[8,27],"focused":[9],"the":[11,45,69,97,135,153,157,165,173,182,209,219,223,228,237,243,265,268,273],"nexus":[12],"between":[13,218],"language":[14],"forms":[15],"and":[16,21,53,79,144,222,226],"their":[17],"underlying":[18,56],"social":[19],"processes":[20],"psychological":[22,49,93,211],"states.":[23,94],"However,":[24],"little":[25],"work":[26],"been":[28],"done":[29],"to":[30,90,198,247],"shed":[31],"light":[32],"how":[34],"these":[35,92,101,251],"latent":[36],"characteristics":[37],"have":[38],"evolved":[39],"over":[40,60],"time.":[41],"This":[42],"study":[43],"investigated":[44],"evolution":[46],"three":[48,210],"states":[50,102],"(authenticity,":[51],"affect,":[52],"time":[54],"orientation)":[55],"U.S.":[57,104,130],"approximately":[61],"230":[62],"years":[63],"(1789\u20132016).":[64],"Based":[65],"one":[67,255],"most":[70],"comprehensive":[71],"corpora":[72],"speech":[75],"transcripts,":[76],"Linguistic":[77],"Inquiry":[78],"Word":[80],"Count":[81],"(LIWC)":[82],"2015,":[83],"a":[84,108,126,189,261,278],"text":[85],"analysis":[86,111],"software,":[87],"was":[88,112,214,277],"utilized":[89],"explore":[91],"To":[95,179],"see":[96,180],"overall":[98,238],"trend":[99,184,229],"across":[103,186],"history":[106],"as":[107],"whole,":[109],"initial":[110],"based":[113],"LIWC":[115,244],"indices,":[116],"which":[117,171],"showed":[118],"that,":[119],"1)":[120],"overall,":[121],"authenticity":[122,257],"level":[123],"is":[124,233],"steady":[127,262],"increase":[128,263,280],"in":[129,134,152,207,230,234,264,272,281],"discourse;":[132],"2)":[133],"presidents\u2019":[136],"speeches,":[137],"positive":[138],"emotions":[139],"invariably":[140],"outweigh":[141],"negative":[142],"emotions,":[143],"both":[145],"types":[146],"emotion":[148],"remain":[149],"relatively":[150],"constant":[151],"long":[154],"run;":[155],"3)":[156],"\u201cfocus":[160,168,176],"present\u201d":[162],"consistently":[163],"outweighs":[164,172],"future\u201d,":[170],"past\u201d.":[178],"whether":[181],"general":[183],"holds":[185],"different":[187,231],"parties,":[188],"series":[190],"independent":[192],"samples":[193],"t-tests":[194],"were":[195],"first":[196],"performed":[197],"check":[199],"for":[200],"significant":[201,216],"difference.":[202],"The":[203],"results":[204],"indicated":[205],"that":[206,227],"all":[208],"states,":[212],"there":[213,276],"no":[215],"difference":[217],"Democratic":[220,269],"presidents":[221],"Republican":[224,274],"presidents,":[225,270,275],"parties":[232],"agreement":[235],"with":[236,253],"trend.":[239],"Subsequent":[240],"visualization":[241],"indices":[245],"according":[246],"party":[248],"generally":[249],"corroborated":[250],"results,":[252],"only":[254],"exception:":[256],"levels":[258],"are":[259],"but":[271],"sharp":[279],"years.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2019-06-27T00:00:00"}