{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2949931095","doi":null,"title":"Design and analysis of trials evaluating proportionate interventions and trials with intervention induced clustering","display_name":"Design and analysis of trials evaluating proportionate interventions and trials with intervention induced clustering","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2949931095","mag":"2949931095"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:etheses.whiterose.ac.uk:23132","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/23132/1/JCandlish_PhDThesis_Mar2019.pdf","pdf_url":"https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/23132/1/JCandlish_PhDThesis_Mar2019.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401585","display_name":"White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/23132/1/JCandlish_PhDThesis_Mar2019.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036780526","display_name":"Jane Candlish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5280-7891","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5280-7891"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jane Candlish","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5280-7891","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036780526"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.95169997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.95169997215271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10629","display_name":"Health Policy Implementation Science","score":0.021199999377131462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-interventions","display_name":"complex interventions","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intracluster-correlation","display_name":"intra-cluster correlation","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trial-design-and-analysis","display_name":"trial design and analysis","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trial-reporting","display_name":"trial reporting","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-outcomes","display_name":"continuous outcomes","score":0.7269999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.7547898888587952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6784157752990723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.5924957394599915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.5340185761451721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176400912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3058662","display_name":"Cluster randomised controlled trial","level":3,"score":0.4687628448009491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.45682692527770996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.405492901802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3773694634437561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.32036951184272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.27978506684303284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17196124792099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.09591495990753174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:etheses.whiterose.ac.uk:23132","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/23132/1/JCandlish_PhDThesis_Mar2019.pdf","pdf_url":"https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/23132/1/JCandlish_PhDThesis_Mar2019.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401585","display_name":"White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:2949931095","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/23132/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:etheses.whiterose.ac.uk:23132","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/23132/1/JCandlish_PhDThesis_Mar2019.pdf","pdf_url":"https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/23132/1/JCandlish_PhDThesis_Mar2019.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401585","display_name":"White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2949931095.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2949931095.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W129542855","https://openalex.org/W1570171629","https://openalex.org/W1587026990","https://openalex.org/W1609135795","https://openalex.org/W1972804510","https://openalex.org/W2055680805","https://openalex.org/W2095967516","https://openalex.org/W2108046083","https://openalex.org/W2113253256","https://openalex.org/W2134120248","https://openalex.org/W2134597096","https://openalex.org/W2153247789","https://openalex.org/W2332756554","https://openalex.org/W2515120484","https://openalex.org/W2527328081","https://openalex.org/W2559536423","https://openalex.org/W2775363893","https://openalex.org/W3150236334"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2897077144","https://openalex.org/W3205619220","https://openalex.org/W3081294070","https://openalex.org/W2329491780","https://openalex.org/W6940093166","https://openalex.org/W2942716146","https://openalex.org/W2559536423","https://openalex.org/W3009333058","https://openalex.org/W6958760281","https://openalex.org/W2078780468"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Individually":[1],"randomised":[2],"controlled":[3],"trials":[4,21,78,104,253],"(iRCTs)":[5],"of":[6,43,75,103,105,111,136,229,247],"complex":[7,76],"interventions":[8,31,88,107,147],"commonly":[9,148],"induce":[10],"clustered":[11,48],"outcomes":[12,49,297],"in":[13,40,69,93,184,249,298,304],"the":[14,44,70,215,245,274],"intervention":[15,45,77,90,252,301],"arm":[16,46],"only,":[17],"termed":[18,57],"partially":[19],"nested":[20],"(pnRCTs).":[22],"In":[23],"addition,":[24],"iRCTs":[25,139,214],"are":[26,261,279],"increasingly":[27],"used":[28,117],"to":[29,34,51,55,66,118,235,272],"evaluate":[30],"delivered":[32],"proportionate":[33,87,106,251],"individual":[35],"need.":[36],"This":[37,242,285],"can":[38,196],"result":[39],"only":[41],"some":[42],"having":[47],"due":[50],"post":[52],"randomisation":[53],"allocation":[54],"clusters,":[56,165],"within-arm":[58,114,150,185,266],"pnRCTs.":[59,264],"\\n":[60,97,144,240],"\\nResearch":[61],"question:":[62],"What":[63],"elements":[64],"need":[65],"be":[67],"considered":[68],"design,":[71,291],"analysis":[72,121,154,259,292],"and":[73,89,113,131,158,169,254,281,293],"reporting":[74,236,294],"with":[79,82,140,163,300],"continuous":[80,296],"outcomes,":[81],"a":[83,100,134],"particular":[84],"focus":[85],"on":[86],"induced":[91,149,302],"clustering":[92,141,183,195,248,303],"one":[94,305],"trial":[95,306],"arm?":[96],"\\nMethods:":[98],"Firstly,":[99],"systematic":[101],"review":[102,135],"was":[108,142,176,187,220],"performed.":[109],"Simulation":[110],"pnRCTs":[112,115,186,205,267],"were":[116,129,156],"investigate":[119],"appropriate":[120],"methods.":[122],"Sample":[123,201,276],"size":[124,202,277],"formulae":[125,203],"for":[126,160,181,204,263,290,295],"such":[127],"RCTs":[128,299],"identified":[130,157],"summarised.":[132],"Finally,":[133],"publicly":[137,212,255],"funded":[138,213,256],"undertaken.":[143],"\\nResults:":[145],"Proportionate":[146],"partial":[151],"nesting.":[152],"Appropriate":[153,258],"methods":[155,260,278],"demonstrated":[159,262],"pnRCTs,":[161],"although":[162],"few":[164],"small":[166,170],"cluster":[167],"sizes,":[168],"intracluster":[171],"correlation":[172],"coefficient":[173],"(ICC)":[174],"there":[175],"no":[177],"optimal":[178],"method.":[179],"Accounting":[180],"non-random":[182],"not":[188],"possible;":[189],"however,":[190],"under":[191],"realistic":[192],"scenarios":[193],"ignoring":[194],"provide":[197],"valid":[198],"statistical":[199],"inference.":[200],"require":[206],"an":[207,225],"ICC":[208,219,237],"estimate.":[209],"From":[210],"15":[211],"median":[216],"healthcare":[217],"provider":[218],"0.009.":[221],"To":[222],"improve":[223],"transparency":[224],"additional":[226],"Consolidated":[227],"Standards":[228],"Reporting":[230],"Trials-nonpharmacologic":[231],"treatments":[232],"item":[233],"related":[234],"is":[238,269],"suggested.":[239],"\\nConclusions:":[241],"thesis":[243],"demonstrates":[244],"extent":[246],"both":[250],"iRCTs.":[257],"For":[265],"it":[268],"typically":[270],"recommended":[271],"ignore":[273],"clustering.":[275],"summarised":[280],"empirical":[282],"ICCs":[283],"provided.":[284],"work":[286],"provides":[287],"practical":[288],"guidance":[289],"arm.":[307]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2019-06-27T00:00:00"}