{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2949360485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707388115","title":"Genetic instrumental variable regression: Explaining socioeconomic and health outcomes in nonexperimental data","display_name":"Genetic instrumental variable regression: Explaining socioeconomic and health outcomes in nonexperimental data","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2949360485","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707388115","mag":"2949360485","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29686100","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5984483"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1707388115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707388115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707388115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707388115","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061019981","display_name":"Thomas Albert DiPrete","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9485-3658","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9485-3658"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas A. DiPrete","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017773499","display_name":"Casper A.P. Burik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2726-5570","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2726-5570"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Casper A. P. Burik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059104743","display_name":"Philipp Koellinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7413-0412","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7413-0412"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Philipp D. Koellinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059104743","https://openalex.org/A5061019981"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930","https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0011,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":97,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98455724,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"115","issue":"22","first_page":"E4970","last_page":"E4979"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.8252000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.8252000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.13809999823570251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.007899999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mendelian-randomization","display_name":"Mendelian randomization","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pleiotropy","display_name":"pleiotropy","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygenic-risk-score","display_name":"polygenic risk score","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-height","display_name":"body height","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endogeneity-bias","display_name":"endogeneity bias","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unmeasured-confounding","display_name":"unmeasured confounding","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-correlation","display_name":"genetic correlation","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sibling-fixed-effects","display_name":"sibling fixed effects","score":0.7580000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779901538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6816584","display_name":"Mendelian randomization","level":5,"score":0.9425333142280579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162144332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665305","display_name":"Instrumental variable","level":2,"score":0.7275145649909973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.6760554313659668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5753282308578491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.5074800848960876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99656134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912993","display_name":"Ordinary least squares","level":2,"score":0.49145352840423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.4872387945652008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4680803716182709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26207810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134884","display_name":"Pleiotropy","level":4,"score":0.46669676899909973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106192678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1419761","display_name":"Collinearity","level":2,"score":0.43589121103286743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90157343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5188196","display_name":"Cross-sectional regression","level":4,"score":0.4275323152542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.424807608127594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.32515132427215576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27778512239456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.25013136863708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120068334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45343","display_name":"Polynomial regression","level":3,"score":0.13484740257263184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993967602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532932","display_name":"Genetic variants","level":4,"score":0.11835280060768127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.08733323216438293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001827","descriptor_name":"Body Height","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004522","descriptor_name":"Educational Status","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014644","descriptor_name":"Genetic Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017063","descriptor_name":"Outcome Assessment, Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055106","descriptor_name":"Genome-Wide Association Study","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055106","descriptor_name":"Genome-Wide Association Study","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058685","descriptor_name":"Genetic Pleiotropy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":11,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1707388115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707388115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707388115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1101/134197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/134197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/134197","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2018/02/05/134197.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4945560","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC5984483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5984483","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5984483","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:29686100","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29686100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:openaire/b101531c-eb3d-4a73-b153-2a77bcb4160d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/b101531c-eb3d-4a73-b153-2a77bcb4160d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"DiPrete, T A, Burik, C A P & Koellinger, P D 2018, 'Genetic instrumental variable regression : Explaining socioeconomic and health outcomes in nonexperimental data', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), vol. 115, no. 22, pp. E4970-E4979. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707388115","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:eur:oai:repub.eur.nl:100820","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1765/100820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196287","display_name":"RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/workingpaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nas:journl:v:115:y:2018:p:e4970-e4979","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.pnas.org/content/115/22/E4970.full","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repub.eur.nl:100820","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://repub.eur.nl/pub/100820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196287","display_name":"RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I913958620","host_organization_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I913958620"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper"},{"id":"pmh:vu:oai:research.vu.nl:publications/b101531c-eb3d-4a73-b153-2a77bcb4160d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/b101531c-eb3d-4a73-b153-2a77bcb4160d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(22), E4970 - E4979. National Acad Sciences","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.7916/d8mk7wtn","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8mk7wtn","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8mk7wtn","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402601","display_name":"Columbia Academic Commons (Columbia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","host_organization_name":"Columbia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1073/pnas.1707388115","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707388115","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1707388115","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S125754415","display_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","issn_l":"0027-8424","issn":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320052","host_organization_name":"National Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320052"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Academy of Sciences"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.46810001134872437}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4484365740","display_name":"Creating a National Resource for Genetic Research in Behavioral & Health Sciences","funder_award_id":"RC2AG036495","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6198092984","display_name":"Expanding a National Resource for Genetic Research in Behavioral & Health Science","funder_award_id":"RC4AG039029","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000887882","display_name":"Health and Retirement Study: Yrs 35-40","funder_award_id":"U01AG009740","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2949360485.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2949360485.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9120994","https://openalex.org/W1572927748","https://openalex.org/W1648892199","https://openalex.org/W1855058198","https://openalex.org/W1966775465","https://openalex.org/W1975878048","https://openalex.org/W1981651168","https://openalex.org/W1994351153","https://openalex.org/W1996299724","https://openalex.org/W1997338841","https://openalex.org/W2009857485","https://openalex.org/W2017995874","https://openalex.org/W2020104306","https://openalex.org/W2023012826","https://openalex.org/W2025019873","https://openalex.org/W2028014486","https://openalex.org/W2032143064","https://openalex.org/W2033151532","https://openalex.org/W2034709088","https://openalex.org/W2036808380","https://openalex.org/W2039153962","https://openalex.org/W2051968394","https://openalex.org/W2064360179","https://openalex.org/W2071011685","https://openalex.org/W2072939927","https://openalex.org/W2087922018","https://openalex.org/W2090237790","https://openalex.org/W2098143048","https://openalex.org/W2098597355","https://openalex.org/W2101357408","https://openalex.org/W2101737264","https://openalex.org/W2103783427","https://openalex.org/W2106036991","https://openalex.org/W2106915081","https://openalex.org/W2109437759","https://openalex.org/W2110101611","https://openalex.org/W2111986533","https://openalex.org/W2113699335","https://openalex.org/W2115779804","https://openalex.org/W2116868464","https://openalex.org/W2123523713","https://openalex.org/W2124758339","https://openalex.org/W2127392599","https://openalex.org/W2128736149","https://openalex.org/W2130272460","https://openalex.org/W2132044669","https://openalex.org/W2139852278","https://openalex.org/W2139971877","https://openalex.org/W2142161268","https://openalex.org/W2148210862","https://openalex.org/W2150925047","https://openalex.org/W2152343454","https://openalex.org/W2153860431","https://openalex.org/W2154503448","https://openalex.org/W2155496693","https://openalex.org/W2157752701","https://openalex.org/W2160272053","https://openalex.org/W2188707104","https://openalex.org/W2195783463","https://openalex.org/W2207115540","https://openalex.org/W2336993262","https://openalex.org/W2345621280","https://openalex.org/W2346626662","https://openalex.org/W2397339681","https://openalex.org/W2577227262","https://openalex.org/W2626606138","https://openalex.org/W2736616934","https://openalex.org/W2770085798","https://openalex.org/W2803072880","https://openalex.org/W2883573930","https://openalex.org/W2891495529","https://openalex.org/W2935442247","https://openalex.org/W2949543964","https://openalex.org/W2952904845","https://openalex.org/W3012092557","https://openalex.org/W3122790027","https://openalex.org/W3125601827","https://openalex.org/W3144040573","https://openalex.org/W4244522221","https://openalex.org/W6608643846"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2952904845","https://openalex.org/W2949803117","https://openalex.org/W4392791150","https://openalex.org/W3105571484","https://openalex.org/W4281628584","https://openalex.org/W2952562325","https://openalex.org/W2113699335","https://openalex.org/W2939670379","https://openalex.org/W3156337147","https://openalex.org/W4389983957"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Identifying":[0],"causal":[1],"effects":[2,66],"in":[3,75,117,190],"nonexperimental":[4,76],"data":[5,77],"is":[6,17,33],"an":[7,97,112,115],"enduring":[8],"challenge.":[9],"One":[10],"proposed":[11],"solution":[12],"that":[13,47,78,105,180,216,232],"recently":[14],"gained":[15],"popularity":[16],"the":[18,45,53,56,82,109,118,133,137,147,163,167,177,208,223,242],"idea":[19],"to":[20,86],"use":[21],"genes":[22,49,68],"as":[23,184,196],"instrumental":[24,101],"variables":[25,37],"[i.e.,":[26],"Mendelian":[27],"randomization":[28],"(MR)].":[29],"However,":[30],"this":[31],"approach":[32,218],"problematic":[34],"because":[35],"many":[36,48],"of":[38,67,73,84,111,120,132,136,149,176,222,226,241,244],"interest":[39,150],"are":[40,69],"genetically":[41],"correlated,":[42],"which":[43,151],"implies":[44],"possibility":[46],"could":[50],"affect":[51],"both":[52,205],"exposure":[54,113],"and":[55,207,230,235],"outcome":[57,116,138,148,168,178],"directly":[58],"or":[59],"via":[60],"unobserved":[61],"confounding":[62],"factors.":[63],"Thus,":[64],"pleiotropic":[65],"themselves":[70],"a":[71,123],"source":[72],"bias":[74,90,203],"would":[79],"also":[80,128],"undermine":[81],"ability":[83],"MR":[85,236],"correct":[87],"for":[88,108,146,166,186],"endogeneity":[89,202],"from":[91,155,204],"nongenetic":[92],"sources.":[93],"Here,":[94],"we":[95,172,214],"propose":[96],"alternative":[98],"approach,":[99],"genetic":[100],"variable":[102],"(GIV)":[103],"regression,":[104],"provides":[106,129],"estimates":[107,131,221,240],"effect":[110,243],"on":[114,247],"presence":[119],"pleiotropy.":[121],"As":[122],"valuable":[124],"byproduct,":[125],"GIV":[126,140],"regression":[127,141,234],"accurate":[130],"chip":[134,224],"heritability":[135,225],"variable.":[139],"uses":[142],"polygenic":[143],"scores":[144],"(PGSs)":[145],"can":[152,181,200],"be":[153,182],"constructed":[154],"genome-wide":[156],"association":[157],"study":[158],"(GWAS)":[159],"results.":[160],"By":[161],"splitting":[162],"GWAS":[164],"sample":[165],"into":[169],"nonoverlapping":[170],"subsamples,":[171],"obtain":[173],"multiple":[174],"indicators":[175],"PGSs":[179],"used":[183],"instruments":[185],"each":[187],"other":[188,193],"and,":[189],"combination":[191],"with":[192],"methods":[194],"such":[195],"sibling":[197],"fixed":[198],"effects,":[199],"address":[201],"pleiotropy":[206],"environment.":[209],"In":[210],"two":[211],"empirical":[212],"applications,":[213],"demonstrate":[215],"our":[217],"produces":[219],"reasonable":[220],"educational":[227],"attainment":[228],"(EA)":[229],"show":[231],"standard":[233],"provide":[237],"upwardly":[238],"biased":[239],"body":[245],"height":[246],"EA.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2019-06-27T00:00:00"}