{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2947996157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9746","title":"Development of Text-Based Algorithm for Opioid Overdose Identification in EMS Data","display_name":"Development of Text-Based Algorithm for Opioid Overdose Identification in EMS Data","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2947996157","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9746","mag":"2947996157"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9746","pdf_url":"https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/ojphi/article/download/9746/7826","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2756215436","display_name":"Online Journal of Public Health Informatics","issn_l":"1947-2579","issn":["1947-2579"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316040","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois at Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316040"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Illinois at Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Online Journal of Public Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/ojphi/article/download/9746/7826","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andrew Patton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129964","display_name":"Marin Health and Human Services","ror":"https://ror.org/034dvzk32","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129964"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Patton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marin County Health and Human Services"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marin County Health and Human Services","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129964"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111690640","display_name":"Rochelle R. Ereman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129964","display_name":"Marin Health and Human Services","ror":"https://ror.org/034dvzk32","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129964"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rochelle Ereman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marin County Health and Human Services"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marin County Health and Human Services","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129964"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Matt Willis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129964","display_name":"Marin Health and Human Services","ror":"https://ror.org/034dvzk32","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129964"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt Willis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marin County Health and Human Services"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marin County Health and Human Services","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129964"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012490455","display_name":"Haylea A. Hannah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7661-324X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7661-324X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129964","display_name":"Marin Health and Human Services","ror":"https://ror.org/034dvzk32","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129964"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haylea A. Hannah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marin County Health and Human Services"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marin County Health and Human Services","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129964"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087673278","display_name":"Karina Arambula","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129964","display_name":"Marin Health and Human Services","ror":"https://ror.org/034dvzk32","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129964"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karina Arambula","raw_affiliation_strings":["Marin County Health and Human Services"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Marin County Health and Human Services","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129964"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129964"],"apc_list":{"value":350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":350},"apc_paid":{"value":350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":350},"fwci":0.2304,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57482634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11635","display_name":"Poisoning and overdose treatments","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-classification","display_name":"text classification","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"natural language processing","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overdose-surveillance","display_name":"overdose surveillance","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-real-time-surveillance","display_name":"near real-time surveillance","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"feature engineering","score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-use-disorder","display_name":"opioid use disorder","score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-medical-technicians","display_name":"emergency medical technicians","score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-medical-dispatchers","display_name":"emergency medical dispatchers","score":0.492000013589859}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779148768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17154378","display_name":"Opioid overdose","level":5,"score":0.8132429122924805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.658821702003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.6126706600189209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781400479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11640","display_name":"Outreach","level":2,"score":0.5867027640342712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48856860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12029","display_name":"Addiction","level":2,"score":0.4764276444911957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.46081751585006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4438859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186117","display_name":"Timeline","level":2,"score":0.45877182483673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776315796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505252","display_name":"Drug overdose","level":3,"score":0.4444538652896881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780724011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1295316","display_name":"Emergency department","level":2,"score":0.433439701795578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776361769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821775","display_name":"Public health surveillance","level":3,"score":0.41717666387557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.3559141755104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.3206043839454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781063702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427523","display_name":"Opioid","level":3,"score":0.27613547444343567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.2318478524684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778750930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4540629","display_name":"(+)-Naloxone","level":4,"score":0.18330377340316772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.14829105138778687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9746","pdf_url":"https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/ojphi/article/download/9746/7826","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2756215436","display_name":"Online Journal of Public Health Informatics","issn_l":"1947-2579","issn":["1947-2579"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316040","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois at Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316040"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Illinois at Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Online Journal of Public Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6606176","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6606176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Online J Public Health Inform","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9746","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9746","pdf_url":"https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/ojphi/article/download/9746/7826","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2756215436","display_name":"Online Journal of Public Health Informatics","issn_l":"1947-2579","issn":["1947-2579"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316040","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois at Chicago","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316040"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Illinois at Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Online Journal of Public Health Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308203","display_name":"California Department of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/011cc8156"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2947996157.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2947996157.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2582743722"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7077078701","https://openalex.org/W6885112251","https://openalex.org/W3211197061","https://openalex.org/W2947340352","https://openalex.org/W3209315938","https://openalex.org/W2942458699","https://openalex.org/W7158076643","https://openalex.org/W2946367908","https://openalex.org/W2950053978","https://openalex.org/W2804296602"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ObjectiveTo":[0],"develop":[1,1028],"and":[2,47,62,73,98,109,148,216,234,254,266,360,384,403,426,449,522,550,605,617,619,635,726,743,789,801,819,827,836,856,889,943,977,1000,1006,1025,1081,1093,1105],"implement":[3],"a":[4,34,81,85,212,274,330,438,477,488,511,628,656,689,752,878,884,909,975,987,1029],"classifcation":[5],"algorithm":[6,849,964],"to":[7,29,32,51,107,136,140,160,167,177,203,210,297,306,461,502,510,532,646,654,687,868,897,945,967,1027,1076],"identify":[8],"likely":[9,282,501,531],"acute":[10],"opioid":[11,60,78,112,137,220,285,300,341,401,447,473,506,563,670,706,969],"overdoses":[12,22,79,178,221,342,359,402,448,474,507,707,970,1011],"from":[13,67,263,780],"text":[14,290,392,611],"fields":[15,393,452,612],"in":[16,188,273,381,454,505,535,539,573,632,637,751,765,971,1003,1095],"emergency":[17,68],"medical":[18,323],"services":[19],"(EMS)":[20],"records.IntroductionOpioid":[21],"have":[23,94,305],"emerged":[24],"within":[25,679],"the":[26,141,184,195,206,245,278,308,312,322,338,348,368,387,390,398,409,412,455,540,544,551,583,589,593,624,633,638,647,667,680,739,763,774,781,802,811,816,825,830,841,848,870,900,925,937,940,951,994,1045,1052,1071,1087],"last":[27],"five":[28],"ten":[30],"years":[31,182],"be":[33,298,307,503,533,1055],"major":[35],"public":[36,71,879,989,1041],"health":[37,152,880,990,1042],"concern.":[38],"The":[39,247,292,432,464,494,556,662,684,771,934],"high":[40],"potential":[41],"for":[42,90,120,219,242,251,311,319,325,367,378,446,466,480,491,578,592,602,658,773,805,822,853,859,916,928,932,956,1012,1037,1048,1057,1090,1107,1119],"fatal":[43],"events,":[44],"disease":[45,125,144],"transmission,":[46],"addiction":[48,147,200],"all":[49,111,748],"contribute":[50],"negative":[52,204,548,554],"outcomes.":[53],"However,":[54,839],"what":[55],"is":[56,64,102,866,1019,1065,1079],"currently":[57],"known":[58],"about":[59],"use":[61,202,380],"overdose":[63,564],"generally":[65],"gathered":[66],"room":[69],"data,":[70],"surveys,":[72],"mortality":[74],"data.":[75],"In":[76],"addition,":[77],"are":[80,132,157,186,405,930],"non-reportable":[82],"condition.":[83],"As":[84],"result,":[86],"state/national":[87],"standardized":[88],"procedures":[89],"surveillance":[91,215,855,1032,1061],"or":[92,129,162,170,181,201,858,1060],"reporting":[93],"not":[95,104,133,284,295,458],"been":[96,1084],"developed,":[97],"local":[99],"government":[100],"monitoring":[101],"frequently":[103],"specific":[105,671,1058],"enough":[106],"capture":[108],"track":[110],"overdoses.":[113],"Lastly,":[114,1070],"traditional":[115],"means":[116],"of":[117,146,150,190,199,232,244,249,257,280,334,340,355,370,411,423,429,434,440,485,669,691,697,699,767,829,844,872,887,911,936,998,1015,1073],"data":[118,175,227,238,250,353,595,862,973,1036,1089],"collection":[119,228],"conditions":[121],"such":[122,673,708,1050],"as":[123,419,437,674,920,922,1014],"heart":[124],"through":[126,847,993,1034],"hospital":[127],"networks":[128],"insurance":[130],"companies":[131],"necessarily":[134],"applicable":[135],"overdoses,":[138],"due":[139,166],"often":[142],"short":[143],"course":[145],"lack":[149],"consistent":[151],"care":[153],"visits.":[154],"Overdose":[155],"patients":[156],"also":[158,636],"reluctant":[159],"follow-up":[161],"provide":[163],"contact":[164],"information":[165,798],"law":[168],"enforcement":[169],"personal":[171],"reasons.":[172],"Furthermore,":[173],"collected":[174],"related":[176],"several":[179],"months":[180],"after":[183],"fact":[185],"useless":[187],"terms":[189,672,766],"short-term":[191],"outreach.":[192,933],"Therefore,":[193],"given":[194,840,876],"potentially":[196],"brief":[197],"timeline":[198],"outcome,":[205],"current":[207],"project":[208],"set":[209,354],"create":[211,688],"near":[213],"real-time":[214],"treatment/outreach":[217,881,991],"system":[218,992,1033,1053],"using":[222,287,1021,1086],"an":[223,483],"already":[224,1083],"existing":[225],"EMS":[226,237,259,313,972,1035],"framework.MethodsMarin":[229],"County":[230,327,996],"Department":[231,997],"Health":[233,999],"Human":[235,1001],"Services":[236,1002],"(2015-2017)":[239],"was":[240,270,343,365,417,621,630,644,666,686,760,807,965,984],"used":[241,453,591],"development":[243,253],"system.":[246],"pool":[248],"model":[252,382,603,777,831,904],"evaluation":[255],"consisted":[256],"15,000":[258,349,585],"records":[260,316,375,598,845,926],"randomly":[261,357,362,600],"selected":[262,289,318,358,363,601,779,808],"2015,":[264],"2016,":[265],"2017.":[267],"Each":[268,415,607],"record":[269,608],"manually":[271],"classified":[272,586],"binary":[275,912],"manner":[276],"with":[277,329,476,487,517,543,569,623,649,705,735,786,908,974],"criteria":[279],"\u201cmore":[281],"than":[283,345,755,947,960,980],"related\u201d,":[286],"only":[288],"fields.":[291,414],"event":[293],"did":[294,303],"need":[296],"exclusively":[299],"related,":[301],"nor":[302],"opioids":[304],"primary":[309],"cause":[310],"call.":[314],"2,000":[315],"were":[317,376,394,443,457,469,497,508,537,559,566,576,599,695,702,712,729,778,832,906],"review":[320],"by":[321,761,792],"director":[324],"Marin":[326,995],"EMS,":[328],"Cohen\u2019s":[331],"kappa":[332],"coefficient":[333],"approximately":[335,1009],"0.94.":[336],"Overall,":[337],"proportion":[339,478],"less":[344],"0.01":[346],"amongst":[347],"records.":[350],"An":[351],"enriched":[352,388,594],"80":[356],"320":[361],"non-overdoses":[364,404,536],"created":[366,664,783],"purposes":[369],"feature":[371,665],"engineering.":[372],"These":[373],"400":[374,590],"excluded":[377],"further":[379],"training":[383,604],"testing.":[385],"Within":[386],"set,":[389,596],"descriptive":[391,413],"tokenized":[395,418,459,613],"based":[396,407,513],"on":[397,408,514,899],"hypothesis":[399],"that":[400,496,558,575,640,694,701,709,877,914,924,1051],"separable":[406],"content":[410],"field":[416],"words,":[420,615],"bigrams":[421],"(pairs":[422],"consecutive":[424,430],"words),":[425],"trigrams":[427],"(triplets":[428],"words).":[431],"frequencies":[433,465],"each":[435,467,620,659,851],"token":[436,629],"percentage":[439],"overall":[441,917],"words":[442],"calculated":[444],"separately":[445],"non-overdoses.":[450],"Structured":[451],"analysis":[456],"prior":[460],"frequency":[462],"calculations.":[463],"token/phrase":[468],"then":[470],"compared":[471,622],"across":[472,562],"status":[475,565],"test":[479],"equality":[481],"at":[482,958],"alpha":[484],"0.05":[486],"Bonferroni":[489],"correction":[490],"multiple":[492,650],"comparisons.":[493],"tokens/phrases":[495,557,700],"statistically":[498,528,560],"significantly":[499,529],"more":[500,530,713],"present":[504,534,631],"assigned":[509,520,525,547,645],"quintile":[512,571,642],"their":[515,570,610],"p-value,":[516],"smallest":[518,545],"p-values":[519,524],"five,":[521,549],"largest":[523,552],"one.":[526,555],"Tokens/phrases":[527],"scored":[538],"same":[541,1088],"manner,":[542],"p-value":[546,553],"different":[561],"stored":[567],"along":[568,785],"scores":[572,711],"dictionaries":[574],"kept":[577],"future":[579],"modeling":[580],"use.":[581],"From":[582],"initial":[584],"records,":[587],"excluding":[588],"10,000":[597],"development.":[606],"had":[609],"into":[614,986],"bigrams,":[616],"trigrams,":[618],"corresponding":[625],"dictionary.":[626],"If":[627],"entry":[634],"dictionary,":[639],"token\u2019s":[641],"score":[643,657],"record,":[648],"tokens":[651],"being":[652],"summed":[653],"produce":[655],"field-token":[660],"option.":[661],"final":[663],"count":[668],"\u201cheroin\u201d,":[675],"\u201cfentanyl\u201d,":[676],"\u201cnarcan\u201d,":[677],"etc.":[678],"main":[681],"narrative":[682],"field.":[683],"intent":[685],"variety":[690],"numerical":[692],"features":[693,784],"indicative":[696],"presence":[698],"positively":[703],"associated":[704],"higher":[710],"associated.":[714],"Several":[715],"models":[716,749],"including":[717],"support":[718],"vector":[719],"machines,":[720,725],"neural":[721],"nets,":[722],"gradient":[723],"boosted":[724],"logistic":[727,736,758,775,823],"regression":[728,737,759,776],"tested":[730],"via":[731,796,809],"10-fold":[732],"cross":[733],"validation,":[734],"yielding":[738],"best":[740,764,793],"error":[741],"rates":[742],"lowest":[744],"computational":[745,1023],"costs.":[746],"Although":[747],"resulted":[750],"sensitivity":[753,826,942,976],"greater":[754,946,959,979],"85":[756],"percent,":[757],"far":[762],"false":[768,873,892],"positive":[769],"rate.":[770],"coefficients":[772],"eight":[782],"patient":[787,790],"sex":[788],"age":[791],"subsets":[794],"selection":[795,818],"Akaike":[797],"criterion":[799],"(AIC),":[800],"probability":[803],"threshold":[804,820],"classification":[806,941],"optimizing":[810],"receiver":[812],"operating":[813],"curve":[814],"(ROC).ResultsFollowing":[815],"variable":[817],"optimization":[821],"regression,":[824],"specificity":[828,865,944,978],"between":[833],"90":[834,961],"percent":[835,962],"95":[837],"percent.":[838,949,982],"large":[842],"number":[843,871],"fed":[846],"either":[850],"week":[852],"'real-time'":[854],"treatment/outreach,":[857],"larger":[860],"retrospective":[861],"sets,":[863],"improving":[864],"crucial":[867],"reduce":[869],"positives.":[874],"Additionally,":[875,1044],"staff":[882],"has":[883,1007,1082],"finite":[885],"amount":[886],"time":[888],"resources,":[890],"limiting":[891],"positives":[893],"will":[894],"allow":[895],"them":[896],"focus":[898],"true":[901],"cases.":[902],"Further":[903],"improvements":[905,919],"made":[907],"series":[910],"filters":[913,938,952],"allowed":[915],"sensitivity/specificity":[918],"well":[921],"ensuring":[923],"sent":[927],"outreach":[929,957,1013],"appropriate":[931],"application":[935,1072],"pushed":[939],"99":[948,981],"Further,":[950],"removed":[953],"cases":[954],"inappropriate":[955],"efficiency.ConclusionsThe":[963],"able":[966],"classify":[968],"It":[983,1018],"implemented":[985],"viable":[988],"May":[1004],"2018,":[1005],"identified":[1008],"50":[1010],"September,":[1016],"2018.":[1017,1101,1114],"possible,":[1020],"minimal":[1022],"power":[1024],"infrastructure":[1026],"fully":[1030],"realized":[1031],"nearly":[1038],"any":[1039],"size":[1040],"entity.":[1043],"framework":[1046],"allows":[1047],"flexibility":[1049],"can":[1054],"tailored":[1056],"clinical":[1059],"needs":[1062],"-":[1063],"there":[1064],"no":[1066],"'black":[1067],"box'":[1068],"component.":[1069],"this":[1074],"methodology":[1075],"other":[1077],"diseases/conditions":[1078],"possible":[1080],"done":[1085],"both":[1091],"sepsis":[1092],"falls":[1094],"older":[1096],"adults.References1)":[1097],"R":[1098],"Core":[1099],"Team.":[1100,1113],"R:":[1102],"A":[1103],"Language":[1104],"Environment":[1106,1118],"Statistical":[1108],"Computing.":[1109],"Available:":[1110,1121],"https://www.r-project.org/.2)":[1111],"RStudio":[1112],"RStudio:":[1115],"Integrated":[1116],"Development":[1117],"R.":[1120],"http://www.rstudio.com/.":[1122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2019-06-07T00:00:00"}