{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2946974864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319832641","title":"Backing up, not backing down: Mitigating audience costs through policy substitution","display_name":"Backing up, not backing down: Mitigating audience costs through policy substitution","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2946974864","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319832641","mag":"2946974864"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0022343319832641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319832641","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319832641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71119591","display_name":"Journal of Peace Research","issn_l":"0022-3433","issn":["0022-3433","1460-3578"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Peace Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043324234","display_name":"Erik Lin-Greenberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3627-9181","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3627-9181"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Erik Lin-Greenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3627-9181","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043324234"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3557,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97328159,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"4","first_page":"559","last_page":"574"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.006399999838322401,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audience-costs","display_name":"audience costs","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-substitution","display_name":"policy substitution","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threat-credibility","display_name":"threat credibility","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crisis-bargaining","display_name":"crisis bargaining","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanctions","display_name":"sanctions","score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-threat","display_name":"military threat","score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leader-competence","display_name":"leader competence","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domestic-politics","display_name":"domestic politics","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-policy-inconsistency","display_name":"foreign policy inconsistency","score":0.3330000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780224610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530061","display_name":"Credibility","level":2,"score":0.7922888398170471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778069335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32098","display_name":"Sanctions","level":2,"score":0.6906870603561401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5929594039916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5349019765853882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49422863125801086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.48321855068206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60643870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949683","display_name":"Deterrence theory","level":2,"score":0.4165736734867096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.38817763328552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.36531582474708557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3592223525047302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.34895098209381104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3258253037929535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2527959644794464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.17038989067077637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14336997270584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0022343319832641","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319832641","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343319832641","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71119591","display_name":"Journal of Peace Research","issn_l":"0022-3433","issn":["0022-3433","1460-3578"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Peace Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W430011393","https://openalex.org/W614895633","https://openalex.org/W1491089161","https://openalex.org/W1760510035","https://openalex.org/W1917080295","https://openalex.org/W1991278031","https://openalex.org/W1994401175","https://openalex.org/W2004353112","https://openalex.org/W2005776622","https://openalex.org/W2020963787","https://openalex.org/W2028539097","https://openalex.org/W2033290738","https://openalex.org/W2042357648","https://openalex.org/W2043846216","https://openalex.org/W2050506113","https://openalex.org/W2056370346","https://openalex.org/W2064279229","https://openalex.org/W2089668672","https://openalex.org/W2095633736","https://openalex.org/W2096085608","https://openalex.org/W2108378466","https://openalex.org/W2119298903","https://openalex.org/W2126302787","https://openalex.org/W2127267774","https://openalex.org/W2131893936","https://openalex.org/W2133252317","https://openalex.org/W2133685950","https://openalex.org/W2135959414","https://openalex.org/W2137496186","https://openalex.org/W2141708418","https://openalex.org/W2149613762","https://openalex.org/W2150515448","https://openalex.org/W2155263310","https://openalex.org/W2165757691","https://openalex.org/W2169171211","https://openalex.org/W2169866794","https://openalex.org/W2312583208","https://openalex.org/W2574024151","https://openalex.org/W2578138822","https://openalex.org/W2579780008","https://openalex.org/W2798572278","https://openalex.org/W2800079906","https://openalex.org/W3124281141","https://openalex.org/W3125116593","https://openalex.org/W4300672612"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1760510035","https://openalex.org/W4385266126","https://openalex.org/W1491089161","https://openalex.org/W2479907786","https://openalex.org/W7098935086","https://openalex.org/W4411927216","https://openalex.org/W2033290738","https://openalex.org/W7112882686","https://openalex.org/W3152609996","https://openalex.org/W2169253034"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Can":[1],"a":[2,14,23,35,95,124,137,174],"leader":[3,138,176],"reduce":[4,92,102],"the":[5,30,114,119,160,170,189],"audience":[6,76,103,144],"costs":[7,77,145],"imposed":[8],"for":[9,59,113,130,198],"backing":[10,69,84],"down":[11,70],"completely":[12],"on":[13,159],"threat":[15,36],"by":[16,194],"opting":[17],"instead":[18],"to":[19,22,86,168,200],"\u2018back":[20,49],"up\u2019":[21,50],"less":[24,87,166],"hawkish":[25,88],"policy?":[26],"Current":[27],"research":[28],"examines":[29],"political":[31],"repercussions":[32],"of":[33,107,163,173,191],"making":[34,195],"and":[37,51,98,116,133,146,205],"then":[38],"taking":[39],"no":[40],"action":[41,57],"at":[42],"all.":[43],"Real":[44],"world":[45],"leaders,":[46],"however,":[47],"often":[48],"implement":[52],"policies":[53,89],"that":[54,75,91,118,207],"involve":[55],"some":[56],"\u2013":[58,90,100],"instance,":[60],"imposing":[61],"sanctions":[62],"after":[63],"threatening":[64],"military":[65],"force,":[66],"rather":[67],"than":[68,152],"entirely.":[71],"This":[72],"article":[73],"argues":[74],"can":[78],"be":[79,209],"mitigated":[80],"through":[81],"policy":[82],"substitution:":[83],"up":[85,141,181,186],"inconsistency":[93,122],"between":[94,202],"leader\u2019s":[96],"words":[97],"deeds":[99],"may":[101],"costs.":[104],"A":[105],"series":[106],"original":[108],"survey":[109],"experiments":[110],"finds":[111],"support":[112],"argument":[115],"demonstrates":[117],"population":[120],"treats":[121],"as":[123,149],"continuum.":[125],"The":[126],"findings":[127],"have":[128],"implications":[129],"domestic":[131],"politics":[132],"crisis":[134,192],"bargaining.":[135],"Domestically,":[136],"who":[139,154,177],"backs":[140,155],"faces":[142],"lower":[143],"is":[147],"seen":[148],"more":[150],"competent":[151],"one":[153],"down.":[156,184],"Yet":[157],"those":[158,206],"receiving":[161],"end":[162],"threats":[164,172,204],"are":[165],"likely":[167],"believe":[169],"future":[171],"foreign":[175],"has":[178],"previously":[179],"backed":[180,183,210],"or":[182],"Backing":[185],"therefore":[187],"degrades":[188],"credibility":[190],"signals":[193],"it":[196],"difficult":[197],"rivals":[199],"distinguish":[201],"credible":[203],"will":[208],"up.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2019-06-07T00:00:00"}