{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2946356915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519847777","title":"Perceptions of School Shooters Depend on Prior Criminal Record but Not Targeted Age Group","display_name":"Perceptions of School Shooters Depend on Prior Criminal Record but Not Targeted Age Group","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2946356915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519847777","mag":"2946356915","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31096835"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0886260519847777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519847777","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519847777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45333638","display_name":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence","issn_l":"0886-2605","issn":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060722016","display_name":"Jourdan R. Jackson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3735-7671","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3735-7671"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149919469","display_name":"California Polytechnic State University","ror":"https://ror.org/001gpfp45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jourdan R. Jackson","raw_affiliation_strings":["California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069790556","display_name":"Kelly A. Bennion","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3301-7744","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3301-7744"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149919469","display_name":"California Polytechnic State University","ror":"https://ror.org/001gpfp45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kelly A. Bennion","raw_affiliation_strings":["California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3301-7744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069790556"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8057,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73479611,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"17-18","first_page":"8186","last_page":"8208"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10565","display_name":"Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10565","display_name":"Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12265","display_name":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","score":0.016300000250339508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-shootings","display_name":"school shootings","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-history","display_name":"criminal history","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offender-perceptions","display_name":"offender perceptions","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violence-risk-assessment","display_name":"violence risk assessment","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychopathy","display_name":"psychopathy","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/severity-of-punishment","display_name":"severity of punishment","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/victim-age","display_name":"victim age","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-victims","display_name":"child victims","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hcr-20","display_name":"HCR-20","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychopathy-checklist-revised","display_name":"Psychopathy Checklist-Revised","score":0.8899999856948853}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521466935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366886","display_name":"Psychopathy","level":3,"score":0.7148215174674988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6519350409507751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.647566020488739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6144158840179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.589170515537262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780597079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070100","display_name":"Criminal record","level":2,"score":0.5299939513206482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.4790712296962738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.43066638708114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.41095849871635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.3876255750656128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.3263477683067322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.30726850032806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18876272439956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.16773736476898193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.1408069133758545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000987","descriptor_name":"Antisocial Personality Disorder","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010465","descriptor_name":"Perception","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012574","descriptor_name":"Schools","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014754","descriptor_name":"Violence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057237","descriptor_name":"Criminals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0886260519847777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519847777","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519847777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45333638","display_name":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence","issn_l":"0886-2605","issn":["0886-2605","1552-6518"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31096835","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31096835","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of interpersonal violence","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4043000042438507,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W612762034","https://openalex.org/W1122398969","https://openalex.org/W1585385491","https://openalex.org/W1976237073","https://openalex.org/W1977859144","https://openalex.org/W1991161277","https://openalex.org/W2019779363","https://openalex.org/W2030944293","https://openalex.org/W2041037321","https://openalex.org/W2054114228","https://openalex.org/W2057038555","https://openalex.org/W2061153017","https://openalex.org/W2062389967","https://openalex.org/W2080116610","https://openalex.org/W2093578612","https://openalex.org/W2096060397","https://openalex.org/W2103371814","https://openalex.org/W2124689685","https://openalex.org/W2149897280","https://openalex.org/W2150632577","https://openalex.org/W2161015612","https://openalex.org/W2165725695","https://openalex.org/W2170864153","https://openalex.org/W2552557571","https://openalex.org/W2582383738","https://openalex.org/W2754197363","https://openalex.org/W2770827364","https://openalex.org/W2816458595","https://openalex.org/W4249133631"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2577818341","https://openalex.org/W3005505970","https://openalex.org/W2522640015","https://openalex.org/W1489602541","https://openalex.org/W2625436492","https://openalex.org/W4394715317","https://openalex.org/W2626202935","https://openalex.org/W2227987408","https://openalex.org/W3182868359","https://openalex.org/W2018353805"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Individuals":[0],"with":[1,12,160],"a":[2,13,59,72,153,161,168],"prior":[3,73,154,162,189],"criminal":[4,74,99,155,163,190,235],"record":[5,75,100,164],"are":[6,58],"viewed":[7],"more":[8,175],"negatively":[9],"than":[10,178],"those":[11,159],"clean":[14],"record,":[15,156],"which":[16,223,229],"is":[17,38],"often":[18],"exemplified":[19],"in":[20],"harsher":[21],"sentencing,":[22],"higher":[23,28],"risk":[24,121,129,171],"assessment":[25],"ratings,":[26],"and":[27,76,103,117,125,139,172,218],"psychopathy":[29,126,140],"ratings.":[30],"However,":[31,182],"what":[32],"has":[33,224],"not":[34,186],"yet":[35],"been":[36],"explored":[37],"whether":[39,68],"the":[40,43,69,79,96,119,133,144,150,196],"age":[41,77,193],"of":[42,71,78,122,152,195,205,215],"targeted":[44,104,197],"victim":[45,80],"population":[46,81,198],"(children":[47,106],"vs.":[48,101,107],"adults)":[49],"affects":[50],"these":[51],"perceptions.":[52],"Given":[53],"that":[54,158],"school":[55,85,92,206],"shooting":[56,86,93,207],"incidents":[57],"current":[60],"societal":[61],"issue,":[62],"this":[63],"study":[64],"aimed":[65],"to":[66,91,112,212],"investigate":[67],"presence":[70,151],"affect":[82,221,231],"decisions":[83],"regarding":[84],"offenders.":[87,208],"Participants":[88],"were":[89,110,165],"exposed":[90],"vignettes":[94],"describing":[95],"offender":[97],"(prior":[98],"not)":[102],"victims":[105],"adults).":[108],"They":[109],"asked":[111],"determine":[113],"an":[114],"appropriate":[115],"sentence":[116],"rate":[118],"offender's":[120],"future":[123],"violence":[124,170],"score.":[127],"Violence":[128],"ratings":[130,141],"(measured":[131,142],"by":[132,143],"Historical":[134],"Clinical":[135],"Risk":[136],"Management-20":[137],"[HCR-20])":[138],"Psychopathy":[145],"Checklist-Revised":[146],"[PCL-R])":[147],"depended":[148],"on":[149,188,202],"such":[157],"perceived":[166],"as":[167,173],"greater":[169],"exhibiting":[174],"psychopathic":[176],"traits":[177],"their":[179],"clean-record":[180],"counterparts.":[181],"punishment":[183],"severity":[184],"did":[185],"depend":[187],"record.":[191],"Likewise,":[192],"group":[194],"had":[199],"no":[200],"effect":[201],"participants'":[203],"perceptions":[204],"These":[209],"findings":[210],"contribute":[211],"our":[213,234],"knowledge":[214],"how":[216],"offender-":[217],"incident-specific":[219],"factors":[220,230],"perceptions,":[222],"important":[225],"implications":[226],"for":[227],"understanding":[228],"impartiality":[232],"within":[233],"justice":[236],"system.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2019-05-29T00:00:00"}