{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2945425964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2520544","title":"Deep learning based automatic signal modulation classification","display_name":"Deep learning based automatic signal modulation classification","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2945425964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2520544","mag":"2945425964"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2520544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2520544","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2520544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407120750","display_name":"Sensors and Systems for Space Applications","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors and Systems for Space Applications XII","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059884317","display_name":"Jingyang Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2821-5575","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2821-5575"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131102","display_name":"Intelligent Fusion Technology (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02hjcc687","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131102"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Fusion Technology, Inc. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Fusion Technology, Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100421757","display_name":"Yi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2304-5802","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2304-5802","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9268-6318"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131102","display_name":"Intelligent Fusion Technology (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02hjcc687","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131102"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Fusion Technology, Inc. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Fusion Technology, Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003882518","display_name":"Genshe Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2656-9380","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2656-9380"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131102","display_name":"Intelligent Fusion Technology (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02hjcc687","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131102"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Genshe Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Fusion Technology, Inc. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Fusion Technology, Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004808253","display_name":"Dan Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1834-5456","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1834-5456","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7181-2553"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131102","display_name":"Intelligent Fusion Technology (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02hjcc687","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131102"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Fusion Technology, Inc. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Fusion Technology, Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069884358","display_name":"Xin Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3984-5505","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3984-5505"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131102","display_name":"Intelligent Fusion Technology (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02hjcc687","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131102"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Fusion Technology, Inc. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Fusion Technology, Inc. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131102"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017878875","display_name":"Khanh Dai Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4768-9365","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4768-9365"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khanh Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Lab. (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Lab. (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"97","issue":null,"first_page":"22","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio-networks","display_name":"cognitive radio networks","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-network","display_name":"deep neural network","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-networks","display_name":"recurrent neural networks","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rf-signal-generation","display_name":"RF signal generation","score":0.6549999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.786824107170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6559404134750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6493356227874756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6148082613945007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.6027578115463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5832944512367249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.576856255531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5515652298927307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5060948729515076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169478","display_name":"MATLAB","level":2,"score":0.45104289054870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.4405914843082428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207912722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1259123","display_name":"Signal generator","level":3,"score":0.4211428165435791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.38600215315818787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3548733592033386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12052115797996521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.07063204050064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.2520544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2520544","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2520544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407120750","display_name":"Sensors and Systems for Space Applications","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors and Systems for Space Applications XII","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.428600013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W2016415759","https://openalex.org/W2071707134","https://openalex.org/W2127593435","https://openalex.org/W2153620960","https://openalex.org/W2160081863","https://openalex.org/W2168078104","https://openalex.org/W2247742123","https://openalex.org/W2332071383","https://openalex.org/W2570119202","https://openalex.org/W2576764453","https://openalex.org/W4235690558"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7222247467","https://openalex.org/W4408860640","https://openalex.org/W7160402144","https://openalex.org/W3174334351","https://openalex.org/W4403947812","https://openalex.org/W4405762845","https://openalex.org/W7202204710","https://openalex.org/W3157120730","https://openalex.org/W4220872182","https://openalex.org/W4312474160"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,60],"this":[1,61],"paper,":[2,62],"a":[3],"Cognitive":[4],"Radio":[5],"Network":[6,39,43,48],"(CRN)":[7],"based":[8,74],"on":[9],"artificial":[10],"intelligence":[11],"is":[12],"proposed":[13],"to":[14,87],"automatically":[15],"classify":[16],"signal":[17,57,76,85,108],"modulation":[18,58,109],"more":[19],"efficiently,":[20],"which":[21,78],"can":[22,79,98],"further":[23],"help":[24],"in":[25,55,104],"radio":[26],"frequency":[27],"modeling":[28],"and":[29,45,53,67,102],"pattern":[30],"recognition":[31],"problem":[32],"solving.":[33],"Three":[34],"different":[35],"approaches":[36],"Deep":[37],"Neural":[38,42,47],"(DNN),":[40],"Convolutional":[41],"(CNN),":[44],"Recurrent":[46],"(RNN)":[49],"have":[50],"been":[51],"deployed":[52],"evaluated":[54],"the":[56,63,88,100,107],"classification.":[59],"signals":[64],"for":[65],"training":[66],"validation":[68],"are":[69],"generated":[70],"using":[71],"our":[72],"MATLAB":[73],"RF":[75],"generator,":[77],"simulate":[80],"various":[81],"types":[82],"of":[83,106],"modulated":[84],"according":[86],"configuration":[89],"specification.":[90],"The":[91],"numerical":[92],"results":[93],"show":[94],"that":[95],"CNN":[96],"network":[97],"outperform":[99],"DNN":[101],"RNN":[103],"terms":[105],"classification":[110],"accuracy.":[111]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2019-05-29T00:00:00"}