{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2944198629","doi":null,"title":"The Market for Ethics: Human Subjects Research Oversight in the United States and Canada","display_name":"The Market for Ethics: Human Subjects Research Oversight in the United States and Canada","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2944198629","mag":"2944198629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt00s9w618","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/00s9w618","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/00s9w618","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/00s9w618","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030121132","display_name":"Gabrielle Goldstein","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gabrielle Goldstein","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030121132"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10582","display_name":"Ethics in Clinical Research","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10582","display_name":"Ethics in Clinical Research","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13417","display_name":"Biomedical Ethics and Regulation","score":0.009999999776482582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2910","display_name":"Issues, ethics and legal aspects"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13147","display_name":"Ethics and bioethics in healthcare","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-ethics-committees","display_name":"research ethics committees","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-research-regulation","display_name":"clinical research regulation","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-ethics-review","display_name":"research ethics review","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-ethics-policy","display_name":"research ethics policy","score":0.36800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canada-united-states-comparison","display_name":"Canada\u2013United States comparison","score":0.5889999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776050585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7439360","display_name":"Scrutiny","level":2,"score":0.80830979347229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778061430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188823","display_name":"Scholarship","level":2,"score":0.6845841407775879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5477496981620789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5047932863235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.45553186535835266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4500086307525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.42657747864723206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.4253278374671936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153997805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42240","display_name":"Research ethics","level":2,"score":0.4244967997074127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3473963439464569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.34553197026252747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3170131742954254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt00s9w618","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/00s9w618","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/00s9w618","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},{"id":"pmh:qt00s9w618","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/00s9w618","pdf_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/00s9w618","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Goldstein, Gabrielle. (2018). The Market for Ethics: Human Subjects Research Oversight in the United States and Canada. UC Berkeley: Public Health. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/00s9w618","raw_type":"dissertation"},{"id":"mag:2944198629","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt00s9w618/qt00s9w618.pdf?t=ppfldr","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt00s9w618","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/00s9w618","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/00s9w618","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6601999998092651},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2944198629.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2944198629.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W131176633","https://openalex.org/W216342353","https://openalex.org/W234085529","https://openalex.org/W286705225","https://openalex.org/W652151652","https://openalex.org/W656460178","https://openalex.org/W1522518808","https://openalex.org/W1541416234","https://openalex.org/W1556808170","https://openalex.org/W1569441194","https://openalex.org/W1591592345","https://openalex.org/W1594593650","https://openalex.org/W1969555386","https://openalex.org/W1971593308","https://openalex.org/W1974102980","https://openalex.org/W1986294897","https://openalex.org/W1998052770","https://openalex.org/W2006201007","https://openalex.org/W2008319766","https://openalex.org/W2009913767","https://openalex.org/W2011949050","https://openalex.org/W2016204775","https://openalex.org/W2038900796","https://openalex.org/W2039712697","https://openalex.org/W2042759275","https://openalex.org/W2045500548","https://openalex.org/W2046284555","https://openalex.org/W2050436486","https://openalex.org/W2063576973","https://openalex.org/W2064503570","https://openalex.org/W2083421158","https://openalex.org/W2092286175","https://openalex.org/W2114996530","https://openalex.org/W2124674666","https://openalex.org/W2125398298","https://openalex.org/W2129945607","https://openalex.org/W2140503185","https://openalex.org/W2149669539","https://openalex.org/W2149988075","https://openalex.org/W2154371614","https://openalex.org/W2155141079","https://openalex.org/W2156812612","https://openalex.org/W2159597271","https://openalex.org/W2162394302","https://openalex.org/W2172194321","https://openalex.org/W2253147678","https://openalex.org/W2287086391","https://openalex.org/W2328011167","https://openalex.org/W2329395632","https://openalex.org/W2418315252","https://openalex.org/W2479489866","https://openalex.org/W2597836372","https://openalex.org/W3123177553","https://openalex.org/W3123601855","https://openalex.org/W3125642032"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2528315745","https://openalex.org/W12503932","https://openalex.org/W2077541081","https://openalex.org/W3045908142","https://openalex.org/W2082929627","https://openalex.org/W2025561724","https://openalex.org/W2501403111","https://openalex.org/W3014919742","https://openalex.org/W2295708613","https://openalex.org/W3135665675"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"estimated":[1],"2.5":[2],"million":[3],"Americans":[4],"participate":[5],"in":[6,63,109,118,173,187,197,247,285,335,350,361,389,428],"clinical":[7,107,160,208,363],"research":[8,54,74,108,127,130,165,192,209,228,313,364,425],"annually.":[9],"Participation":[10],"exposes":[11],"human":[12,72],"subjects":[13,73],"to":[14,30,166,355],"significant":[15],"physical":[16],"risks":[17],"including":[18],"death,":[19],"as":[20,56,122,251,263,265],"it":[21],"often":[22],"involves":[23],"ingesting":[24],"or":[25,40,79,300],"introducing":[26],"drugs":[27],"and":[28,59,91,94,125,193,207,260,268,289,321,332,338,358,381,386,393,409,432,440],"devices":[29],"the":[31,43,50,64,76,85,110,114,140,153,167,184,194,203,219,227,238,307,336,346,356,373,384,416,422,429],"body":[32],"that":[33,226,315],"have":[34],"not":[35],"yet":[36],"been":[37],"proven":[38],"safe":[39],"effective.":[41],"In":[42,181],"US,":[44],"a":[45,57,97,174,370],"set":[46],"of":[47,52,71,87,99,106,136,144,169,183,241,276,282,293,309,345,352,404,418,424],"policies":[48],"around":[49],"regulation":[51],"biomedical":[53],"emerged":[55,83],"politically":[58],"contextually":[60],"contingent":[61],"result":[62],"post-war":[65],"years.":[66],"The":[67,149,340,397,412,434],"centerpiece":[68],"for":[69,151,200,442],"oversight":[70,154,210,221],"was":[75,156],"local,":[77],"hospital-":[78],"university-based":[80],"IRB.":[81],"It":[82],"at":[84],"height":[86],"organized":[88],"medicine\u2019s":[89],"political":[90],"social":[92],"power":[93],"derived":[95],"from":[96,324],"logic":[98],"professional":[100],"autonomy.Much":[101],"has":[102,230],"changed.":[103],"Today,":[104],"80%":[105],"US":[111,337],"occurs":[112,365],"outside":[113],"academic":[115,331],"medical":[116],"context,":[117],"community":[119,253],"settings":[120,249],"such":[121,250],"physicians\u2019":[123],"offices":[124],"freestanding":[126],"clinics.":[128],"These":[129],"studies":[131],"are":[132,146],"overseen":[133],"by":[134],"thousands":[135],"IRBs":[137,206,246,279,296,334],"registered":[138],"with":[139,318],"federal":[141],"government,":[142],"some":[143,438],"which":[145,152,243,283,286,362,390],"for-profit":[147],"businesses.":[148],"world":[150],"regime":[155],"built":[157],"\u2013":[158,177,288],"trained":[159,171],"researchers":[161],"submitting":[162],"their":[163,170,198,394],"proposed":[164],"scrutiny":[168],"colleagues":[172],"university":[175],"setting":[176],"no":[178,273],"longer":[179],"exists.":[180],"spite":[182],"dramatic":[185],"changes":[186,196,354],"who":[188],"is":[189,223],"carrying":[190],"out":[191],"associated":[195],"motivations":[199],"doing":[201],"so,":[202],"regulations":[204],"governing":[205],"remain":[211],"stable.":[212],"Little":[213,234],"empirical":[214],"scholarship":[215,235],"exists":[216,272],"regarding":[217],"how":[218,277],"IRB":[220,319,348,377,419],"mechanism":[222],"operating":[224],"now":[225,244],"landscape":[229],"changed":[231],"so":[232],"substantially.":[233],"empirically":[236],"charts":[237],"entire":[239],"ecology":[240],"IRBs,":[242,326,330,405],"include":[245],"diverse":[248],"non-teaching":[252],"hospitals,":[254,262],"health":[255],"systems,":[256],"government":[257,333],"facilities,":[258],"universities":[259],"teaching":[261],"well":[264],"independent,":[266],"central,":[267],"commercial":[269,325],"IRBs.":[270],"There":[271],"full":[274],"accounting":[275],"many":[278],"there":[280],"are,":[281],"types,":[284],"locations":[287],"few":[290],"analytical":[291],"accounts":[292],"variations":[294],"between":[295,402],"based":[297],"on":[298,306],"organizational":[299],"environmental":[301],"factors.":[302],"This":[303],"dissertation":[304],"reports":[305],"results":[308],"an":[310],"original":[311],"qualitative":[312],"study":[314],"involved":[316],"interviews":[317],"members":[320],"administrative":[322],"professionals":[323,392,420],"nonprofit":[327],"healthcare":[328],"organization":[329],"Canada.":[339,433],"chapters":[341],"explore":[342],"various":[343],"aspects":[344],"current":[347],"ecology,":[349],"light":[351],"drastic":[353],"institutional":[357],"economic":[359],"environments":[360],"over":[366],"recent":[367],"decades.":[368],"After":[369],"brief":[371],"introduction,":[372],"second":[374],"chapter":[375,399,414,436],"explores":[376,400,415],"professionals\u2019":[378],"experiences":[379],"with,":[380],"responses":[382],"to,":[383],"legal":[385],"regulatory":[387],"environment":[388],"these":[391],"organizations":[395],"operate.":[396],"third":[398],"variation":[401],"types":[403],"identifying":[406],"governance":[407],"gaps":[408],"best":[410],"practices.":[411],"fourth":[413],"attitudes":[417],"toward":[421],"commercialization":[423],"ethics":[426],"review":[427],"United":[430],"States":[431],"fifth":[435],"provides":[437],"conclusions":[439],"steps":[441],"future":[443],"research.":[444]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2019-05-16T00:00:00"}
