{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2943677697","doi":null,"title":"Measuring the Flexibility of Delusion-Like Beliefs in Non-Clinical Samples: Development and Validation of the Windsor Belief Flexibility Scale (WBFS)","display_name":"Measuring the Flexibility of Delusion-Like Beliefs in Non-Clinical Samples: Development and Validation of the Windsor Belief Flexibility Scale (WBFS)","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2943677697","mag":"2943677697"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.uwindsor.ca:etd-8669","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7667","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7667","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038139105","display_name":"Bahar Haji-Khamneh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bahar Haji-Khamneh","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038139105"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.9071999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.9071999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12308","display_name":"Mental Health and Psychiatry","score":0.026499999687075615,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.006399999838322401,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-development","display_name":"scale development","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jumping-to-conclusions","display_name":"jumping to conclusions","score":0.7979999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reasoning-biases","display_name":"reasoning biases","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schizotypy","display_name":"schizotypy","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-flexibility","display_name":"cognitive flexibility","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paranoia","display_name":"paranoia","score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-beliefs","display_name":"religious beliefs","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-beliefs","display_name":"political beliefs","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-belief","display_name":"scientific belief","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonclinical-population","display_name":"non-clinical population","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intuitive-thinking","display_name":"intuitive thinking","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dichotomous-thinking","display_name":"dichotomous thinking","score":0.5860000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779043874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189643","display_name":"Delusion","level":2,"score":0.8542197942733765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778941711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8024561","display_name":"Windsor","level":2,"score":0.6859170198440552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6261051893234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6071207523345947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.45081669092178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2476564347743988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1536269187927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.12680131196975708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11460351943969727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.11403191089630127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0982673168182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.uwindsor.ca:etd-8669","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7667","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uwindsor.scholaris.ca:20.500.14776/7982","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14776/7982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400430","display_name":"Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","host_organization_name":"University of Windsor","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},{"id":"mag:2943677697","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8669&context=etd","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.uwindsor.ca:etd-8669","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7667","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electronic Theses and Dissertations","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.504800021648407}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":148,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163802664","https://openalex.org/W608831166","https://openalex.org/W1487091206","https://openalex.org/W1504970565","https://openalex.org/W1529681538","https://openalex.org/W1582174699","https://openalex.org/W1585331010","https://openalex.org/W1598797622","https://openalex.org/W1606131697","https://openalex.org/W1734631470","https://openalex.org/W1850223224","https://openalex.org/W1913957972","https://openalex.org/W1964868403","https://openalex.org/W1965947594","https://openalex.org/W1966344762","https://openalex.org/W1966923638","https://openalex.org/W1970361320","https://openalex.org/W1970806342","https://openalex.org/W1974291831","https://openalex.org/W1975518755","https://openalex.org/W1977106115","https://openalex.org/W1979074534","https://openalex.org/W1981059248","https://openalex.org/W1981656674","https://openalex.org/W1982943732","https://openalex.org/W1984280970","https://openalex.org/W1985104270","https://openalex.org/W1985163535","https://openalex.org/W1986825453","https://openalex.org/W1986879691","https://openalex.org/W1988732811","https://openalex.org/W1993109043","https://openalex.org/W1997444083","https://openalex.org/W2001328248","https://openalex.org/W2001866454","https://openalex.org/W2005532382","https://openalex.org/W2006785575","https://openalex.org/W2007206857","https://openalex.org/W2008086590","https://openalex.org/W2011633556","https://openalex.org/W2011756480","https://openalex.org/W2013939918","https://openalex.org/W2014078105","https://openalex.org/W2019837960","https://openalex.org/W2020480381","https://openalex.org/W2021577442","https://openalex.org/W2023687307","https://openalex.org/W2024621431","https://openalex.org/W2026305642","https://openalex.org/W2029246179","https://openalex.org/W2030735868","https://openalex.org/W2031534525","https://openalex.org/W2034120934","https://openalex.org/W2034246979","https://openalex.org/W2036389121","https://openalex.org/W2036898417","https://openalex.org/W2037006361","https://openalex.org/W2040634382","https://openalex.org/W2041324129","https://openalex.org/W2045949731","https://openalex.org/W2048881395","https://openalex.org/W2049469562","https://openalex.org/W2050865855","https://openalex.org/W2054442298","https://openalex.org/W2055540708","https://openalex.org/W2056148681","https://openalex.org/W2057018265","https://openalex.org/W2057338070","https://openalex.org/W2058658409","https://openalex.org/W2060567137","https://openalex.org/W2065321820","https://openalex.org/W2066020888","https://openalex.org/W2066234754","https://openalex.org/W2066674353","https://openalex.org/W2067384877","https://openalex.org/W2070049273","https://openalex.org/W2070367178","https://openalex.org/W2070812971","https://openalex.org/W2072098593","https://openalex.org/W2074565708","https://openalex.org/W2075032930","https://openalex.org/W2075412689","https://openalex.org/W2075585362","https://openalex.org/W2077969639","https://openalex.org/W2078935007","https://openalex.org/W2079976473","https://openalex.org/W2082235434","https://openalex.org/W2089357334","https://openalex.org/W2089871805","https://openalex.org/W2091606641","https://openalex.org/W2092728840","https://openalex.org/W2095300556","https://openalex.org/W2096608630","https://openalex.org/W2096699332","https://openalex.org/W2098629428","https://openalex.org/W2098892487","https://openalex.org/W2100089889","https://openalex.org/W2100376975","https://openalex.org/W2104112770","https://openalex.org/W2105548059","https://openalex.org/W2107261251","https://openalex.org/W2107642085","https://openalex.org/W2112455700","https://openalex.org/W2113641591","https://openalex.org/W2113650789","https://openalex.org/W2113758182","https://openalex.org/W2113965972","https://openalex.org/W2120084336","https://openalex.org/W2120613662","https://openalex.org/W2122220791","https://openalex.org/W2129020441","https://openalex.org/W2130653485","https://openalex.org/W2135077565","https://openalex.org/W2135201634","https://openalex.org/W2136605430","https://openalex.org/W2138600432","https://openalex.org/W2145382183","https://openalex.org/W2146069882","https://openalex.org/W2153356230","https://openalex.org/W2153433136","https://openalex.org/W2153572187","https://openalex.org/W2155766235","https://openalex.org/W2158713612","https://openalex.org/W2160332635","https://openalex.org/W2163505421","https://openalex.org/W2163510007","https://openalex.org/W2163805556","https://openalex.org/W2167339864","https://openalex.org/W2167575354","https://openalex.org/W2169951193","https://openalex.org/W2170645996","https://openalex.org/W2293996250","https://openalex.org/W2331066937","https://openalex.org/W2348911916","https://openalex.org/W2357664785","https://openalex.org/W2508665052","https://openalex.org/W2528396768","https://openalex.org/W2559500675","https://openalex.org/W2592750241","https://openalex.org/W2607247350","https://openalex.org/W2748307768","https://openalex.org/W2752099845","https://openalex.org/W2753533763","https://openalex.org/W2897396654","https://openalex.org/W2906253013","https://openalex.org/W3122892830","https://openalex.org/W4235316990","https://openalex.org/W4238079920"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2725036373","https://openalex.org/W2748307768","https://openalex.org/W1986879691","https://openalex.org/W2120613662","https://openalex.org/W7064420283","https://openalex.org/W1569511707","https://openalex.org/W3122691030","https://openalex.org/W2021577442","https://openalex.org/W1975275358","https://openalex.org/W6980215469"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"series":[1],"of":[2,8,37,48,54,70,93,149,167,194,227,248,258,261,278,324,327,415,429],"five":[3],"studies":[4,33],"examined":[5],"the":[6,19,35,42,52,83,91,132,147,168,255,275,296,316,322,348,361,430],"nature":[7,148],"belief":[9,104,119,135,150,157,228,249,252,282,352,405],"flexibility":[10,36,53,92,105,136,151,229,250,353,406],"for":[11,65,89,152,180,224,230,412,426],"delusion-like":[12,56,94,153,195,232],"beliefs":[13,57,59,95,154,233,416],"in":[14,18,24,41,96,172,234,331],"non-clinical":[15,30,97],"samples.":[16],"Findings":[17],"literature":[20],"show":[21],"an":[22],"overlap":[23],"psychotic":[25],"symptoms":[26],"between":[27,103,134,295,350],"clinical":[28,38,66,332],"and":[29,77,106,123,137,143,163,176,208,217,238,251,267,274,283,287,300,310,354,363,369,382,384,407,420],"populations.":[31],"While":[32],"about":[34],"delusions":[39],"abound":[40],"literature,":[43],"there":[44],"is":[45,170],"a":[46,79,187,192,219,325,339,399],"dearth":[47],"research":[49],"pertaining":[50],"to":[51,100,111,114,130,145,185,263,269,280,320,338,360],"unusual":[55],"(i.e.":[58],"that":[60],"do":[61],"not":[62],"meet":[63],"criteria":[64],"significance).":[67],"The":[68,165,241,356,373],"aims":[69],"this":[71,345],"dissertation":[72],"were":[73,183,198,371,395,423],"to:":[74],"(1)":[75,191],"develop":[76],"validate":[78],"new":[80],"self-report":[81],"measure,":[82],"Windsor":[84],"Belief":[85],"Flexibility":[86],"Scale":[87],"(WBFS),":[88],"measuring":[90,293],"samples,":[98],"(2)":[99,218],"establish":[101],"relationships":[102,133,294],"reasoning":[107,139,311,328,411],"processes":[108,140],"already":[109],"demonstrated":[110],"be":[112],"related":[113,301],"delusional":[115],"thought":[116],"such":[117],"as":[118,160],"conviction,":[120,253,351],"Jumping-to-Conclusions":[121],"(JTC),":[122],"Bias":[124],"Against":[125],"Disconfirmatory":[126],"Evidence":[127],"(BADE),":[128],"(3)":[129],"investigate":[131,321],"these":[138],"with":[141,155,254,365,379,387],"affect,":[142],"(4)":[144],"compare":[146],"other":[156,390],"domains":[158],"(such":[159],"scientific,":[161],"religious":[162,419],"political).":[164],"development":[166,182],"measure":[169],"described":[171],"Chapter":[173],"2.":[174],"Clark":[175],"Watson\u2019s":[177],"(1995)":[178],"recommendations":[179],"scale":[181],"followed":[184],"generate":[186],"two":[188,245],"part":[189],"measure:":[190],"pool":[193,223],"beliefs,":[196],"which":[197],"reduced":[199],"using":[200,210,398],"exploratory":[201],"factor":[202,212,402],"analytic":[203,403],"techniques":[204],"(EFA;":[205],"Study":[206,215,314],"1),":[207],"replicated":[209,347],"confirmatory":[211],"analysis":[213],"(CFA;":[214],"2)":[216],"theoretically":[220],"driven":[221],"item":[222],"rating":[225],"aspects":[226],"selected":[231],"Studies":[235],"3":[236],"(EFA)":[237],"4":[239],"(CFA).":[240],"resulting":[242],"model":[243,326],"included":[244],"second-order":[246],"factors":[247,260],"former":[256],"composed":[257,277],"first-order":[259],"willingness":[262,268],"consider":[264,270],"contradictory":[265,271],"evidence":[266],"social":[272],"feedback":[273],"latter":[276],"unwillingness":[279],"doubt":[281],"intuitive":[284,410],"reasoning.":[285],"Convergent":[286],"divergent":[288],"validity":[289,428],"was":[290,318,358,376],"explored":[291],"by":[292],"WBFS,":[297],"its":[298],"subscales,":[299],"constructs":[302],"(e.g.,":[303],"schizotypy,":[304],"insight,":[305],"cognitive":[306],"flexibility,":[307],"dichotomous":[308],"thinking,":[309],"biases).":[312],"In":[313],"5,":[315],"WBFS":[317,431],"used":[319],"generalization":[323],"biases":[329],"derived":[330],"populations":[333],"(So":[334],"et":[335],"al.,":[336],"2012)":[337],"general":[340],"population":[341],"sample.":[342],"Results":[343],"from":[344],"study":[346],"distinction":[349],"Jumping-to-Conclusions.":[355],"BADE":[357,374],"added":[359],"model,":[362],"correlations":[364],"paranoia,":[366],"worry,":[367],"anxiety,":[368],"depression":[370],"explored.":[372],"bias":[375],"positively":[377],"associated":[378,386],"persecutory":[380],"thoughts":[381],"anxiety":[383],"negatively":[385],"worry.":[388],"No":[389],"significant":[391],"or":[392],"sizable":[393],"associations":[394],"noted.":[396],"Finally,":[397],"partial":[400],"invariance":[401],"method,":[404],"reliance":[408],"on":[409],"different":[413],"types":[414],"(e.g.":[417],"political,":[418],"scientific":[421],"beliefs)":[422],"examined.":[424],"Implications":[425],"construct":[427],"are":[432],"discussed.":[433]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2019-05-09T00:00:00"}