{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2943645462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00344","title":"Proliferation and the Logic of the Nuclear Market","display_name":"Proliferation and the Logic of the Nuclear Market","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2943645462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00344","mag":"2943645462"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/isec_a_00344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99767407","display_name":"International Security","issn_l":"0162-2889","issn":["0162-2889","1531-4804"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032754553","display_name":"Eliza Gheorghe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0849-5397","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0849-5397"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168864056","display_name":"Bilkent University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vh8a032","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eliza Gheorghe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eliza Gheorghe is Assistant Professor in the International Relations Department at Bilkent University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0849-5397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eliza Gheorghe is Assistant Professor in the International Relations Department at Bilkent University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032754553"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.6705,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99522814,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"4","first_page":"88","last_page":"127"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13120","display_name":"Nuclear Issues and Defense","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13120","display_name":"Nuclear Issues and Defense","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-proliferation","display_name":"nuclear proliferation","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-technology-transfer","display_name":"nuclear technology transfer","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-club","display_name":"nuclear club","score":0.48899999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/great-power-competition","display_name":"great power competition","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-safeguards","display_name":"nuclear safeguards","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unipolarity","display_name":"unipolarity","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipolarity","display_name":"multipolarity","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bipolarity","display_name":"bipolarity","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-weapons-acquisition","display_name":"nuclear weapons acquisition","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hedging","display_name":"hedging","score":0.43700000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779602485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2901966","display_name":"Rivalry","level":2,"score":0.9677211046218872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6733026504516602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778890260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179216","display_name":"Cartel","level":3,"score":0.643880307674408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194110935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12802","display_name":"Nuclear weapon","level":2,"score":0.5687320828437805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.5424931049346924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994412783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364891","display_name":"Nuclear proliferation","level":3,"score":0.5346559286117554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.49859046936035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.47099512815475464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.43227076530456543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.42781805992126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.394942969083786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.38167840242385864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3518208861351013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.3056655526161194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q701521","display_name":"Collusion","level":2,"score":0.1936214566230774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16235747933387756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1314704716205597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.10391679406166077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/isec_a_00344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99767407","display_name":"International Security","issn_l":"0162-2889","issn":["0162-2889","1531-4804"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315718","host_organization_name":"The MIT Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315718","https://openalex.org/P4310316440"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The MIT Press","Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/723951","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/723951","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.bilkent.edu.tr:11693/53197","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11693/53197","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400079","display_name":"Bilkent University Institutional Repository (Bilkent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I168864056","host_organization_name":"Bilkent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168864056"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Security","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.8046000003814697}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.49000000953674316}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W205259702","https://openalex.org/W580674182","https://openalex.org/W616563427","https://openalex.org/W632649837","https://openalex.org/W645106724","https://openalex.org/W1487024384","https://openalex.org/W1545435080","https://openalex.org/W1565347943","https://openalex.org/W1911065256","https://openalex.org/W1966871588","https://openalex.org/W1973164245","https://openalex.org/W1973667781","https://openalex.org/W1974577167","https://openalex.org/W1982591689","https://openalex.org/W2001722639","https://openalex.org/W2003773075","https://openalex.org/W2046412917","https://openalex.org/W2051969964","https://openalex.org/W2069356296","https://openalex.org/W2070042550","https://openalex.org/W2072449409","https://openalex.org/W2076611228","https://openalex.org/W2078960049","https://openalex.org/W2094886075","https://openalex.org/W2098680422","https://openalex.org/W2103271122","https://openalex.org/W2126334589","https://openalex.org/W2135284358","https://openalex.org/W2166735555","https://openalex.org/W2170944292","https://openalex.org/W2238338481","https://openalex.org/W2262675447","https://openalex.org/W2265111806","https://openalex.org/W2288387428","https://openalex.org/W2302928294","https://openalex.org/W2306673420","https://openalex.org/W2322058039","https://openalex.org/W2335808486","https://openalex.org/W2396073170","https://openalex.org/W2520025655","https://openalex.org/W2792206270","https://openalex.org/W2795250268","https://openalex.org/W2888806602","https://openalex.org/W2996106715","https://openalex.org/W3009956696","https://openalex.org/W3084489744","https://openalex.org/W3188438952","https://openalex.org/W4237134435","https://openalex.org/W4238531007","https://openalex.org/W4250212779","https://openalex.org/W4297081765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2322058039","https://openalex.org/W2305076084","https://openalex.org/W3198144820","https://openalex.org/W7167465599","https://openalex.org/W3141387053","https://openalex.org/W42353378","https://openalex.org/W2499650366","https://openalex.org/W2131601382","https://openalex.org/W3087177719","https://openalex.org/W4281704623"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,76,88],"evolution":[2],"of":[3,14,29,122,127],"the":[4,15,27,38,43,94,119,125,128,141,162,165,168,175,185,195],"nuclear":[5,16,36,63,83,110],"market":[6,54],"explains":[7],"why":[8],"there":[9,41],"are":[10,134],"only":[11],"nine":[12],"members":[13],"club,":[17],"not":[18,202],"twenty-five":[19],"or":[20,85],"more,":[21],"as":[22,50],"some":[23],"analysts":[24],"predicted.":[25],"In":[26,152,160],"absence":[28],"a":[30],"supplier":[31],"cartel":[32],"that":[33],"can":[34,69],"regulate":[35],"transfers,":[37],"more":[39,44,163],"suppliers":[40,71],"are,":[42],"intense":[45,164,188],"their":[46,154],"competition":[47],"will":[48,179],"be,":[49],"they":[51,178],"vie":[52],"for":[53,62,187,205],"share.":[55],"This":[56],"commercial":[57],"rivalry":[58,130,166,190],"makes":[59],"it":[60,149],"easier":[61],"technology":[64],"to":[65,98,137,199],"spread,":[66],"because":[67],"buyers":[68],"play":[70],"off":[72],"against":[73],"each":[74],"other.":[75],"ensuing":[77],"transfers":[78,103],"help":[79],"countries":[80],"either":[81],"acquire":[82],"weapons":[84],"become":[86],"hedgers.":[87],"great":[89,169,193],"powers":[90,170],"(China,":[91],"Russia,":[92],"and":[93,104,124,145,173],"United":[95],"States)":[96],"seek":[97],"thwart":[99],"proliferation":[100,139],"by":[101],"limiting":[102],"putting":[105],"safeguards":[106],"on":[107,115],"potentially":[108],"dangerous":[109],"technologies.":[111],"Their":[112],"success":[113],"depends":[114],"two":[116],"structural":[117],"factors:":[118],"global":[120],"distribution":[121],"power":[123],"intensity":[126],"security":[129,189],"among":[131,167,191],"them.":[132],"Thwarters":[133],"most":[135],"likely":[136,147],"stem":[138],"when":[140,148],"system":[142],"is":[143,150],"unipolar":[144],"least":[146],"multipolar.":[151],"bipolarity,":[153],"prospects":[155],"fall":[156],"somewhere":[157],"in":[158,171],"between.":[159],"addition,":[161],"bipolarity":[172],"multipolarity,":[174],"less":[176],"effective":[177],"be":[180],"at":[181],"curbing":[182],"proliferation.":[183,207],"Given":[184],"potential":[186],"today's":[192],"powers,":[194],"shift":[196],"from":[197],"unipolarity":[198],"multipolarity":[200],"does":[201],"portend":[203],"well":[204],"checking":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2019-05-09T00:00:00"}
