{"id":"https://openalex.org/W294095288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17169/fudocs_document_000000021399","title":"Natural causes of language","display_name":"Natural causes of language","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W294095288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17169/fudocs_document_000000021399","mag":"294095288"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027669834","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/18621","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"software, multimedia"},"volume":null,"type":"other","indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/18621","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027464929","display_name":"N. J. Enfield","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-6973","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-6973"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Enfield, N.J.","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027464929"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13156","display_name":"Historical Linguistics and Language Studies","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-evolution","display_name":"language evolution","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-change","display_name":"language change","score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-spread","display_name":"language spread","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology-of-language","display_name":"ontology of language","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-history","display_name":"language history","score":0.39800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-diagrams","display_name":"tree diagrams","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-innovation","display_name":"linguistic innovation","score":0.3240000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5454756021499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.48293015360832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.4702887535095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4640452265739441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.45555245876312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.41474467515945435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3871935307979584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.25403574109077454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2534618079662323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.1301182210445404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.09519621729850769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-027669834","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/18621","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"software, multimedia"},{"id":"pmh:oai:refubium.fu-berlin.de:fub188/18621","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/18621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402444","display_name":"Refubium (Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek der Freien Universit\u00e4t Berlin)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","host_organization_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Buch"},{"id":"doi:10.17169/fudocs_document_000000021399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17169/fudocs_document_000000021399","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17169/fudocs_document_000000021399","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052913","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek der FU Berlin Hochschulschriftenstelle u. Dokumentenserver","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"mag:294095288","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://edocs.fu-berlin.de/docs/receive/FUDOCS_document_000000021399","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:refubium.fu-berlin.de:fub188/18621","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/18621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402444","display_name":"Refubium (Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek der Freien Universit\u00e4t Berlin)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","host_organization_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Buch"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":105,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9343035","https://openalex.org/W32286665","https://openalex.org/W51494718","https://openalex.org/W58592783","https://openalex.org/W148074277","https://openalex.org/W158840882","https://openalex.org/W293806084","https://openalex.org/W338183221","https://openalex.org/W353156413","https://openalex.org/W382421368","https://openalex.org/W402995676","https://openalex.org/W586984288","https://openalex.org/W590638972","https://openalex.org/W619565071","https://openalex.org/W646833316","https://openalex.org/W1486903121","https://openalex.org/W1493390207","https://openalex.org/W1499500333","https://openalex.org/W1503921659","https://openalex.org/W1505317143","https://openalex.org/W1508611703","https://openalex.org/W1513874694","https://openalex.org/W1522940303","https://openalex.org/W1528027857","https://openalex.org/W1532704504","https://openalex.org/W1537346816","https://openalex.org/W1550375751","https://openalex.org/W1550391390","https://openalex.org/W1553063564","https://openalex.org/W1563716475","https://openalex.org/W1574369266","https://openalex.org/W1579661163","https://openalex.org/W1580871980","https://openalex.org/W1584697775","https://openalex.org/W1602773725","https://openalex.org/W1604166575","https://openalex.org/W1751182128","https://openalex.org/W1787157693","https://openalex.org/W1811781384","https://openalex.org/W1898485322","https://openalex.org/W1933657216","https://openalex.org/W1967321656","https://openalex.org/W1972178529","https://openalex.org/W1973946070","https://openalex.org/W1980121043","https://openalex.org/W1980606660","https://openalex.org/W2004415003","https://openalex.org/W2006923347","https://openalex.org/W2007752263","https://openalex.org/W2010648543","https://openalex.org/W2010994950","https://openalex.org/W2011934899","https://openalex.org/W2018139470","https://openalex.org/W2024239949","https://openalex.org/W2024642405","https://openalex.org/W2029052481","https://openalex.org/W2050399863","https://openalex.org/W2051851617","https://openalex.org/W2056977559","https://openalex.org/W2060998924","https://openalex.org/W2063272496","https://openalex.org/W2065883862","https://openalex.org/W2068250825","https://openalex.org/W2079164242","https://openalex.org/W2079656678","https://openalex.org/W2079730890","https://openalex.org/W2085102629","https://openalex.org/W2085754712","https://openalex.org/W2088563966","https://openalex.org/W2091624287","https://openalex.org/W2095150796","https://openalex.org/W2095991957","https://openalex.org/W2100653055","https://openalex.org/W2102320628","https://openalex.org/W2102748060","https://openalex.org/W2108923274","https://openalex.org/W2109469951","https://openalex.org/W2109592461","https://openalex.org/W2115992100","https://openalex.org/W2117615882","https://openalex.org/W2123487278","https://openalex.org/W2126294040","https://openalex.org/W2127192066","https://openalex.org/W2127458740","https://openalex.org/W2134915276","https://openalex.org/W2140231764","https://openalex.org/W2147481677","https://openalex.org/W2152971731","https://openalex.org/W2154037145","https://openalex.org/W2154870128","https://openalex.org/W2161899020","https://openalex.org/W2168488947","https://openalex.org/W2172033188","https://openalex.org/W2198703865","https://openalex.org/W2285429991","https://openalex.org/W2313142750","https://openalex.org/W2327197757","https://openalex.org/W2489643949","https://openalex.org/W2492978503","https://openalex.org/W2506868775","https://openalex.org/W2624262714","https://openalex.org/W2798298787","https://openalex.org/W2950627632","https://openalex.org/W3022281033","https://openalex.org/W3126349953"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7002366163","https://openalex.org/W3125734352","https://openalex.org/W4413323243","https://openalex.org/W2371281016","https://openalex.org/W7062342235","https://openalex.org/W2988702269","https://openalex.org/W2555751947","https://openalex.org/W2495952417","https://openalex.org/W2905010583","https://openalex.org/W1924756169"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"What":[0],"causes":[1],"a":[2,30,56,64,96,199,203,212,242],"language":[3,33,71,118],"to":[4,74,108,127,145,150,166,184,236],"be":[5,75],"the":[6,53,61,68,78,226],"way":[7],"it":[8,36,41,130],"is?":[9],"Some":[10],"features":[11],"are":[12,15,18,23,85,106,119,188,220,253,258],"universal,":[13],"some":[14],"inherited,":[16],"others":[17,22,105],"borrowed,":[19],"and":[20,45,103,111,136,163,168,171,208,216,255],"yet":[21],"internally":[24],"innovated.":[25],"But":[26],"no":[27],"matter":[28],"where":[29],"bit":[31],"of":[32,55,67,70,117,122,134,173,228],"is":[34,131,197],"from,":[35],"will":[37],"only":[38],"exist":[39],"if":[40],"has":[42,73],"been":[43],"diffused":[44],"kept":[46],"in":[47,52,77,88,113,156,176,214,248],"circulation":[48],"through":[49],"social":[50],"interaction":[51],"history":[54,227],"community.":[57],"This":[58,181],"book":[59,142,240],"makes":[60],"case":[62],"that":[63,132,144,187,194,206,217],"proper":[65],"understanding":[66,99,225],"ontology":[69],"systems":[72],"grounded":[76],"causal":[79,153,249],"mechanisms":[80],"by":[81],"which":[82],"linguistic":[83],"items":[84,133],"socially":[86],"transmitted,":[87],"communicative":[89],"contexts.":[90],"A":[91],"biased":[92],"transmission":[93],"model":[94],"provides":[95],"basis":[97],"for":[98,192,224,233,245],"why":[100,256],"certain":[101],"things":[102],"not":[104,189,198],"likely":[107],"develop,":[109],"spread,":[110],"stick":[112],"languages.":[114,229],"Because":[115],"bits":[116],"always":[120,190],"parts":[121],"systems,":[123],"we":[124,148,164],"also":[125],"need":[126,149,165],"show":[128],"how":[129,152],"knowledge":[135],"behavior":[137],"become":[138],"structured":[139],"wholes.":[140],"The":[141],"argues":[143],"achieve":[146],"this,":[147],"see":[151],"processes":[154,210],"apply":[155],"multiple":[157],"frames":[158,175],"or":[159],"'time":[160],"scales'":[161],"simultaneously,":[162],"understand":[167],"address":[169],"each":[170],"all":[172],"these":[174,237],"our":[177],"work":[178],"on":[179],"language.":[180],"forces":[182],"us":[183],"confront":[185],"implications":[186],"comfortable:":[191],"example,":[193],"\"a":[195],"language\"":[196],"real":[200],"thing":[201],"but":[202],"convenient":[204],"fiction,":[205],"language-internal":[207],"language-external":[209],"have":[211],"lot":[213],"common,":[215],"tree":[218],"diagrams":[219],"poor":[221],"conceptual":[222,243],"tools":[223],"By":[230],"exploring":[231],"avenues":[232],"clear":[234],"solutions":[235],"problems,":[238],"this":[239],"suggests":[241],"framework":[244],"ultimately":[246],"explaining,":[247],"terms,":[250],"what":[251],"languages":[252],"like":[254,259],"they":[257],"that.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}