{"id":"https://openalex.org/W29398188","doi":null,"title":"Function Over Form: Bringing the Fixation Requirement into the Modern Era","display_name":"Function Over Form: Bringing the Fixation Requirement into the Modern Era","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W29398188","mag":"29398188"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lawnet.fordham.edu:flr-4984","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol82/iss5/11","pdf_url":"https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4984&context=flr","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196678","display_name":"FLASH - Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship & History (Fordham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","host_organization_name":"Fordham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fordham Law Review","raw_type":"article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4984&context=flr","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112460086","display_name":"Megan M. Carpenter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161057412","display_name":"University of New Hampshire","ror":"https://ror.org/01rmh9n78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Megan M. Carpenter","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New Hampshire School of Law;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New Hampshire School of Law;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161057412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020734293","display_name":"Steven A. Hetcher","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","display_name":"Fordham University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qnxaf80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven A. Hetcher","raw_affiliation_strings":["FORDHAM UNIVERSITY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FORDHAM UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00615992,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"82","issue":"5","first_page":"2221","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13842","display_name":"Intellectual Property Law","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14457","display_name":"Intellectual Property Rights and Media","score":0.009200000204145908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copyrightability","display_name":"copyrightability","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idea-expression-dichotomy","display_name":"idea-expression dichotomy","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copyright-reform","display_name":"copyright reform","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statutory-interpretation","display_name":"statutory interpretation","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectual-property-clause","display_name":"Intellectual Property Clause","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-artists-rights-act","display_name":"Visual Artists Rights Act","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safe-harbor","display_name":"safe harbor","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copyright-policy","display_name":"copyright policy","score":0.3970000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158129432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7766927","display_name":"Statutory law","level":2,"score":0.6784661412239075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.6261661052703857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.5966277718544006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34974158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131257","display_name":"Intellectual property","level":2,"score":0.5336796641349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776154427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7755","display_name":"Constitution","level":2,"score":0.47500360012054443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4690430760383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.411526083946228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4104017913341522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3887043595314026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.27984732389450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.17327508330345154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lawnet.fordham.edu:flr-4984","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol82/iss5/11","pdf_url":"https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4984&context=flr","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196678","display_name":"FLASH - Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship & History (Fordham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","host_organization_name":"Fordham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fordham Law Review","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.tamu.edu:facscholar-1075","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/facscholar/76","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.tamu.edu/facscholar/76","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401049","display_name":"eYLS (Yale Law School)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","host_organization_name":"Yale University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholars.unh.edu:law_facpub-1305","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholars.unh.edu/law_facpub/305","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196362","display_name":"University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I179093154","host_organization_name":"University of New Hampshire at Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179093154"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Law Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:29398188","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2443520_code1481719.pdf?abstractid=2443520&mirid=1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3121153530","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/kernochan/06.materials2015-Carpenter.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S142409771","display_name":"Fordham law review","issn_l":"0015-704X","issn":["0015-704X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316489","host_organization_name":"Fordham University School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316489"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Fordham University School of Law"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fordham law review","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lawnet.fordham.edu:flr-4984","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol82/iss5/11","pdf_url":"https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4984&context=flr","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196678","display_name":"FLASH - Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship & History (Fordham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","host_organization_name":"Fordham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fordham Law Review","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306112","display_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/04t269f15"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W29398188.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W29398188.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6959109697","https://openalex.org/W2471607958","https://openalex.org/W3138746239","https://openalex.org/W2524776707","https://openalex.org/W1590659376","https://openalex.org/W1586824409","https://openalex.org/W7064904977","https://openalex.org/W4409672471","https://openalex.org/W2621468760","https://openalex.org/W4380148775"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"Article":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,20,29,45,52,63,66,78,90,101,112,129,143,168,179,182,187,195,222,237,244,247],"ways":[4],"that":[5,42,58,80,108,141,206],"contemporary":[6,164],"creativity":[7],"challenges":[8],"copyright's":[9],"fixation":[10,21,46,67,75,81,113,151,239],"requirement.":[11],"In":[12],"this":[13,109],"Article,":[14],"we":[15,56,204],"identity":[16],"concrete":[17],"problems":[18],"with":[19],"requirement,":[22],"both":[23],"practically":[24,202],"and":[25,32,37,92,132,226],"in":[26,51,88,105,128,186,219],"light":[27,220],"of":[28,62,94,111,120,163,181,216,221,224,246],"fundamental":[30],"purpose":[31,156],"policy":[33],"behind":[34],"copyright":[35,175,225],"law,":[36],"argue":[38,205],"for":[39,65,74,136,147,197,241],"a":[40,59,126,213,233],"change":[41],"would":[43,149,172],"amend":[44],"requirement":[47,68,114,240],"to":[48,77,83,124,152,177,211,230],"better":[49,173],"function":[50],"modern":[53,130],"era.":[54],"Specifically,":[55],"conclude":[57],"fair":[60],"appraisal":[61],"justifications":[64],"provides":[69,133],"little,":[70],"if":[71,193],"any,":[72],"rationale":[73],"except":[76],"extent":[79],"helps":[82],"separate":[84],"idea":[85],"from":[86,236],"expression":[87],"determining":[89],"\"metes":[91],"bounds\"":[93],"creative":[95],"expression.":[96],"Recent":[97],"case":[98],"law":[99,176],"analyzing":[100],"transitory":[102,144,169,198,228],"works":[103,170,199,229],"exclusion":[104,146,171,196],"particular":[106],"demonstrates":[107],"component":[110],"has":[115],"become":[116],"an":[117],"ineffective":[118],"demarcation":[119],"what":[121],"it":[122,207],"means":[123],"fix":[125],"work":[127],"era":[131],"little":[134],"guidance":[135],"statutory":[137,217],"interpretation.":[138],"We":[139],"reason":[140],"dropping":[142,194],"duration":[145],"copyrightability":[148,242],"enable":[150],"serve":[153],"its":[154],"essential":[155],"while":[157],"not":[158,201],"discriminating":[159],"against":[160],"important":[161],"strains":[162],"creativity.":[165],"Furthermore,":[166],"removing":[167],"equip":[174],"reflect":[178],"purposes":[180,223],"Intellectual":[183],"Property":[184],"Clause":[185],"US.":[188],"Constitution.":[189],"Despite":[190],"these":[191],"considerations,":[192],"is":[200,208],"feasible,":[203],"nevertheless":[209],"desirable":[210],"allow":[212,227],"flexible":[214],"interpretation":[215],"language":[218],"come":[231],"into":[232],"safe":[234],"harbor":[235],"general":[238],"under":[243],"aegis":[245],"Visual":[248],"Artists":[249],"Rights":[250],"Act.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}