{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2939167166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2019.3.41385","title":"A Geospatial Analysis of Freestanding and Hospital Emergency Department Accessibility via Public Transit","display_name":"A Geospatial Analysis of Freestanding and Hospital Emergency Department Accessibility via Public Transit","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2939167166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2019.3.41385","mag":"2939167166","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31123548","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6526892"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5811/westjem.2019.3.41385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2019.3.41385","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2019.3.41385","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt6dc2x09s/qt6dc2x09s.pdf?t=prsxh5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738799989","display_name":"Western Journal of Emergency Medicine","issn_l":"1936-900X","issn":["1936-900X","1936-9018"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320339","host_organization_name":"eScholarship Publishing, University of California","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320339"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["eScholarship Publishing, University of California"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Western Journal of Emergency Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt6dc2x09s/qt6dc2x09s.pdf?t=prsxh5","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083172367","display_name":"Lucas C. Carlson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6838-3058","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6838-3058"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306","https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Carlson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048459908","display_name":"Olesya N. Baker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-2761","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-2761"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306","https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olesya Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024248557","display_name":"Jeremiah D. Schuur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6431-0153","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6431-0153"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121934306","https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremiah Schuur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Brown University, Alpert Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Brown University, Alpert Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083172367"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":{"value":500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":500},"apc_paid":{"value":500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":500},"fwci":1.3993,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79972694,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"472","last_page":"476"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11095","display_name":"Emergency and Acute Care Studies","score":0.9487000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11095","display_name":"Emergency and Acute Care Studies","score":0.9487000107765198,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11467","display_name":"Trauma and Emergency Care Studies","score":0.01489999983459711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.012600000016391277,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/freestanding-emergency-departments","display_name":"freestanding emergency departments","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-department","display_name":"emergency department","score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-transport","display_name":"public transport","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-access","display_name":"health care access","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underserved-populations","display_name":"underserved populations","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-safety-nets","display_name":"social safety nets","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/walking-distance","display_name":"walking distance","score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transportation-equity","display_name":"transportation equity","score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-health-inequalities","display_name":"urban health disparities","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/houston","display_name":"Houston","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denver","display_name":"Denver","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cleveland","display_name":"Cleveland (Ohio)","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.6709104776382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780724011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1295316","display_name":"Emergency department","level":2,"score":0.6179330945014954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6015009880065918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.5430940389633179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.5197169780731201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42629822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1346408","display_name":"Geocoding","level":2,"score":0.5083867907524109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.49942898750305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775860198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257872","display_name":"Public hospital","level":2,"score":0.49726131558418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.47907429933547974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778022998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651136","display_name":"Transit (satellite)","level":3,"score":0.45104527473449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.4468555748462677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.44150158762931824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.404188871383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.39352819323539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.2628543972969055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.22649061679840088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.15842464566230774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.10356643795967102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.08815550804138184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.08801648020744324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004636","descriptor_name":"Emergency Service, Hospital","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005843","descriptor_name":"Geography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006297","descriptor_name":"Health Services Accessibility","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008507","descriptor_name":"Medically Underserved Area","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014186","descriptor_name":"Transportation","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014186","descriptor_name":"Transportation","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058996","descriptor_name":"Quality Improvement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062206","descriptor_name":"Spatial Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5811/westjem.2019.3.41385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2019.3.41385","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2019.3.41385","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt6dc2x09s/qt6dc2x09s.pdf?t=prsxh5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738799989","display_name":"Western Journal of Emergency Medicine","issn_l":"1936-900X","issn":["1936-900X","1936-9018"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320339","host_organization_name":"eScholarship Publishing, University of California","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320339"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["eScholarship Publishing, University of California"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Western Journal of Emergency Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31123548","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31123548","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The western journal of emergency medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6526892","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6526892/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"West J Emerg Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a311f49933ac43da8afb4d93af279b86","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a311f49933ac43da8afb4d93af279b86","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol 20, Iss 3 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt6dc2x09s","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6dc2x09s","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Western Journal of Emergency Medicine: Integrating Emergency Care with Population Health, vol 20, iss 3","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:qt6dc2x09s","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6dc2x09s","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Carlson, Lucas C.; Baker, Olesya N.; & Schuur, Jeremiah D.(2019). A Geospatial Analysis of Freestanding and Hospital Emergency Department Accessibility via Public Transit. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 20(3). doi: 10.5811/westjem.2019.3.41385. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6dc2x09s","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5811/westjem.2019.3.41385","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2019.3.41385","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2019.3.41385","pdf_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt6dc2x09s/qt6dc2x09s.pdf?t=prsxh5","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738799989","display_name":"Western Journal of Emergency Medicine","issn_l":"1936-900X","issn":["1936-900X","1936-9018"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320339","host_organization_name":"eScholarship Publishing, University of California","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320339"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["eScholarship Publishing, University of California"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Western Journal of Emergency Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482},{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8787999749183655},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7307999730110168}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306941","display_name":"Emergency Medicine Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/040x3fx63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308347","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2939167166.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2939167166.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019083467","https://openalex.org/W2048485254","https://openalex.org/W2130949601","https://openalex.org/W2131157801","https://openalex.org/W2314455875","https://openalex.org/W2426516555","https://openalex.org/W2470568231"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2530683677","https://openalex.org/W4409424976","https://openalex.org/W7039233970","https://openalex.org/W4414820035","https://openalex.org/W2980064135","https://openalex.org/W2897537525","https://openalex.org/W2979673783","https://openalex.org/W2890566752","https://openalex.org/W2209670060","https://openalex.org/W1935267637"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTION:":[0],"Emergency":[1],"departments":[2,32],"(ED)":[3],"are":[4,261,269,285],"an":[5,118,221],"important":[6],"source":[7],"of":[8,18,29,50,117,131,210,220,277,298,312,337],"care":[9,37,292,343],"for":[10,38,140,247,293,344],"underserved":[11,40,345],"populations":[12],"and":[13,52,68,86,89,98,143,147,182,189,204,241,250,268,309,325,335],"represent":[14],"a":[15,44,122,132,211,226],"significant":[16],"part":[17],"the":[19,27,48,102,113,152,184,307,332],"social":[20],"safety":[21],"net.":[22],"In":[23,179,255],"order":[24],"to":[25,36,55,101,121,164,272,287,291,304,316,342],"explore":[26,305],"effect":[28],"freestanding":[30],"emergency":[31],"(FSED)":[33],"on":[34,314,321],"access":[35,290,315,341],"urban":[39],"populations,":[41],"we":[42],"performed":[43],"geospatial":[45],"analysis":[46],"comparing":[47],"proximity":[49],"FSEDs":[51,163,188,260,284,313,338],"hospital":[53,90,99,123,173,197,227,258,322],"EDs":[54,174,198],"public":[56,78,104,133,165,190,212,265,278],"transit":[57,84,105,134,166,191,213,266],"lines":[58,167,192,267],"in":[59,109,339],"three":[60,177,231],"United":[61],"States":[62],"(U.S.)":[63],"metropolitan":[64,153],"areas:":[65],"Houston,":[66,180],"Denver,":[67,181],"Cleveland.":[69],"METHODS:":[70],"We":[71,111],"used":[72],"publicly":[73],"available":[74],"U.S.":[75],"Census":[76],"data,":[77],"transportation":[79],"maps":[80],"obtained":[81],"from":[82,95,162,172,196,264],"regional":[83],"authorities,":[85],"geocoded":[87],"FSED":[88,97],"ED":[91,100,323],"locations.":[92],"Euclidean":[93],"distance":[94,161,186,276],"each":[96],"nearest":[103],"line":[106,135,214],"was":[107,168,193,233],"calculated":[108,112],"ArcGIS.":[110],"odds":[114],"ratio":[115],"(OR)":[116],"FSED,":[119,222],"relative":[120],"ED,":[124,228],"being":[125,215],"located":[126,216,262],"within":[127,217,274],"0.5":[128,218],"miles":[129],"(mi)":[130],"using":[136],"logistic":[137],"regression,":[138],"adjusting":[139],"population":[141,248],"density":[142,249],"median":[144,160,185,251],"household":[145,252],"income":[146],"with":[148,225,257],"error":[149],"clustered":[150],"at":[151],"statistical":[154],"area":[155],"(MSA)":[156],"level.":[157],"RESULTS:":[158],"The":[159,208],"significantly":[169],"greater":[170,194],"than":[171,195],"across":[175,229],"all":[176,230],"markets.":[178],"Cleveland,":[183],"between":[187],"by":[199],"1.0":[200],"mi,":[201,203,206],"0.2":[202],"1.6":[205],"respectively.":[207],"OR":[209],"mi":[219],"as":[223,329,331],"compared":[224],"MSAs":[232],"0.21":[234],"(95%":[235,243],"confidence":[236],"interval":[237],"[CI],":[238],"0.13-0.34)":[239],"unadjusted":[240],"0.20":[242],"CI,":[244],"0.11-0.40)":[245],"adjusted":[246],"income.":[253],"CONCLUSION:":[254],"comparison":[256],"EDs,":[259],"farther":[263],"less":[270],"likely":[271],"be":[273],"walking":[275],"transportation.":[279,299],"These":[280],"findings":[281],"suggest":[282],"that":[283],"unlikely":[286],"directly":[288],"increase":[289],"patients":[294],"without":[295],"private":[296],"means":[297],"Further":[300],"research":[301],"is":[302],"necessary":[303],"both":[306],"direct":[308],"indirect":[310],"impact":[311],"care,":[317],"potentially":[318],"through":[319],"effects":[320],"crowding":[324],"overall":[326],"healthcare":[327],"expenditures,":[328],"well":[330],"ultimate":[333],"role":[334],"responsibility":[336],"improving":[340],"populations.":[346]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2019-04-25T00:00:00"}