{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2938933709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66573/001c.28150","title":"Text Mining in Insurance: From Unstructured Data to Meaning","display_name":"Text Mining in Insurance: From Unstructured Data to Meaning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2938933709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66573/001c.28150","mag":"2938933709"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.66573/001c.28150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66573/001c.28150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.66573/001c.28150","pdf_url":"https://variancejournal.org/article/28150.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056956","display_name":"Variance","issn_l":"1940-6444","issn":["1940-6444","1940-6452"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Variance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://variancejournal.org/article/28150.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012376830","display_name":"Diego Zappa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4335-4530","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4335-4530"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103320735","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","ror":"https://ror.org/03h7r5v07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diego Zappa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mattia Borrelli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131142","display_name":"Swiss Re (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/0377apf83","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131142"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mattia Borrelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Swiss Re"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swiss Re","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gian Paolo Clemente","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103320735","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","ror":"https://ror.org/03h7r5v07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gian Paolo Clemente","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070800650","display_name":"Nino Savelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-8367","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8818-8367"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103320735","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore","ror":"https://ror.org/03h7r5v07","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nino Savelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103320735"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5005,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91413196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"28150","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.6913999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.6913999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.19089999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.02280000038444996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-mining","display_name":"text mining","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insurance","display_name":"insurance","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accident-narratives","display_name":"accident narratives","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"natural language processing","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-profiling","display_name":"risk profiling","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rate-making","display_name":"ratemaking","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/premium-setting","display_name":"premium setting","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/document-classification","display_name":"document classification","score":0.6150000095367432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.6454193592071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.5999581217765808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5589867830276489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5434983968734741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5092211961746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.4868890345096588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171686336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532085","display_name":"Topic model","level":2,"score":0.4634210169315338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.33566510677337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1747433841228485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1543741524219513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.14070069789886475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.66573/001c.28150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66573/001c.28150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.66573/001c.28150","pdf_url":"https://variancejournal.org/article/28150.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056956","display_name":"Variance","issn_l":"1940-6444","issn":["1940-6444","1940-6452"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Variance","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:2938933709","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publicatt.unicatt.it/handle/10807/129515","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.66573/001c.28150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.66573/001c.28150","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.66573/001c.28150","pdf_url":"https://variancejournal.org/article/28150.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056956","display_name":"Variance","issn_l":"1940-6444","issn":["1940-6444","1940-6452"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Variance","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2938933709.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2938933709.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W295894637","https://openalex.org/W1565152271","https://openalex.org/W1602773505","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1662133657","https://openalex.org/W2012290523","https://openalex.org/W2024228866","https://openalex.org/W2033857342","https://openalex.org/W2098162425","https://openalex.org/W2122825543","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2210838531","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2411210658","https://openalex.org/W2487704334","https://openalex.org/W2497265084","https://openalex.org/W2500063528","https://openalex.org/W2501116748","https://openalex.org/W2782501758","https://openalex.org/W3152231500","https://openalex.org/W4230519237","https://openalex.org/W4233906183","https://openalex.org/W4243626155","https://openalex.org/W4294541781"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099054641","https://openalex.org/W2760708692","https://openalex.org/W3089735125","https://openalex.org/W4246783876","https://openalex.org/W4298434104","https://openalex.org/W1565152271","https://openalex.org/W4385321969","https://openalex.org/W4206374307","https://openalex.org/W2981363087","https://openalex.org/W2740950564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Every":[0],"day,":[1],"insurance":[2],"companies":[3],"collect":[4],"an":[5],"enormous":[6],"quantity":[7],"of":[8,22,26,40,43,62,69,73,103,111],"text":[9,44],"data":[10],"from":[11],"multiple":[12],"sources.":[13],"We":[14],"present":[15],"a":[16,37,48,127],"strategy":[17],"to":[18,77,85,100,106,120],"make":[19],"beneficial":[20],"use":[21,117],"the":[23,41,55,60,63,70,97,101,108,112],"large":[24],"amount":[25],"information":[27,80],"available":[28],"in":[29,51],"documents":[30],"by":[31,53,59],"exploiting":[32],"natural":[33],"language":[34],"processing.":[35],"After":[36],"brief":[38],"review":[39],"basics":[42],"mining,":[45],"we":[46,75,95,116],"describe":[47],"case":[49],"study":[50],"which,":[52],"analyzing":[54],"accident":[56],"narratives":[57],"written":[58],"researchers":[61],"National":[64],"Highway":[65],"Traffic":[66],"Safety":[67],"Administration":[68],"U.S.":[71],"Department":[72],"Transportation,":[74],"aim":[76],"extract":[78],"latent":[79,123],"that":[81],"can":[82],"be":[83],"used":[84],"fine-tune":[86],"policy":[87],"premiums.":[88],"The":[89],"process":[90],"involves":[91],"two":[92],"steps.":[93],"First,":[94],"classify":[96],"reports":[98],"according":[99],"relevance":[102],"their":[104],"content":[105],"determine":[107],"risk":[109,124],"profiles":[110,119],"people":[113],"involved.":[114],"Next,":[115],"these":[118],"create":[121],"new":[122],"covariates":[125],"for":[126,132],"company\u2019s":[128],"ratemaking":[129],"process.":[130],"Address":[131],"Correspondence:":[133],"diego.zappa@unicatt.it":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2019-04-25T00:00:00"}
