{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2926009397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n4p149","title":"Structural Equation Modeling of Mental Toughness Among University Learners","display_name":"Structural Equation Modeling of Mental Toughness Among University Learners","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2926009397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n4p149","mag":"2926009397"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5539/gjhs.v11n4p149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n4p149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n4p149","pdf_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/gjhs/article/download/0/0/39013/39765","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2755631367","display_name":"Global Journal of Health Science","issn_l":"1916-9736","issn":["1916-9736","1916-9744"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322531","host_organization_name":"Canadian Center of Science and Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Center of Science and Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Journal of Health Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/gjhs/article/download/0/0/39013/39765","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059339106","display_name":"Anatalia N. Endozo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4402-0041","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4402-0041"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197219897","display_name":"Angeles University Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04mdk1103","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197219897"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anatalia N. Endozo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physical Education , Angeles University Foundation , Philippines Mc Arthur Highway , Angeles , Pampanga 2009 , Philippines","Physical Education, College of Education, Angeles University Foundation, Philippines"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physical Education , Angeles University Foundation , Philippines Mc Arthur Highway , Angeles , Pampanga 2009 , Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197219897"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physical Education, College of Education, Angeles University Foundation, Philippines","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197219897"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059339106"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197219897"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3675,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.662379,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"4","first_page":"149","last_page":"149"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.576200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.576200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14085","display_name":"Student Stress and Coping","score":0.20239999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13542","display_name":"Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation","score":0.19009999930858612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-toughness","display_name":"mental toughness","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motivation","display_name":"motivation","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-reliance","display_name":"self-reliance","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concentration","display_name":"concentration","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coping-with-pressure","display_name":"coping with pressure","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-stress","display_name":"academic stress","score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"higher education","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences-in-academic-achievement","display_name":"gender differences in academic achievement","score":0.699999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777457970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6817499","display_name":"Mental toughness","level":3,"score":0.945887565612793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.7987542748451233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.574619472026825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5693336129188538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.42698901891708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.37951311469078064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.20375749468803406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16124409437179565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1268869936466217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781054738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4813730","display_name":"Athletes","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5539/gjhs.v11n4p149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n4p149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n4p149","pdf_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/gjhs/article/download/0/0/39013/39765","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2755631367","display_name":"Global Journal of Health Science","issn_l":"1916-9736","issn":["1916-9736","1916-9744"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322531","host_organization_name":"Canadian Center of Science and Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Center of Science and Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Journal of Health Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ibn:gjhsjl:v:11:y:2019:i:4:p:149","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/gjhs/article/download/0/0/39013/39765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5539/gjhs.v11n4p149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n4p149","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n4p149","pdf_url":"http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/gjhs/article/download/0/0/39013/39765","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2755631367","display_name":"Global Journal of Health Science","issn_l":"1916-9736","issn":["1916-9736","1916-9744"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322531","host_organization_name":"Canadian Center of Science and Education","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322531"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Canadian Center of Science and Education"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Journal of Health Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6164000034332275}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2926009397.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2926009397.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1907356096","https://openalex.org/W1984975621","https://openalex.org/W2036736987","https://openalex.org/W2042587250","https://openalex.org/W2047307679","https://openalex.org/W2061086853","https://openalex.org/W2070955869","https://openalex.org/W2075848755","https://openalex.org/W2097916135","https://openalex.org/W2102666137","https://openalex.org/W2111148299","https://openalex.org/W2122065087","https://openalex.org/W2142141300","https://openalex.org/W2143835493","https://openalex.org/W2155700971","https://openalex.org/W2161236573","https://openalex.org/W2562485715","https://openalex.org/W2918560517"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407379735","https://openalex.org/W2524826005","https://openalex.org/W7222447801","https://openalex.org/W2009128090","https://openalex.org/W3195890151","https://openalex.org/W7011471759","https://openalex.org/W2301700111","https://openalex.org/W2598451331","https://openalex.org/W4408950084","https://openalex.org/W7052479575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Mental":[1],"toughness":[2,35,72,98,205,260,456],"is":[3],"recognized":[4],"as":[5],"an":[6,195],"important":[7],"component":[8],"towards":[9,473],"academic":[10,82,134,210],"success":[11],"thus":[12,180],"making":[13],"its":[14,207],"psychological":[15],"qualities":[16],"determine":[17],"how":[18],"challenges":[19],"are":[20,99],"effectively":[21],"addressed":[22],"during":[23],"pressurized":[24],"situations.":[25],"Challenges":[26],"facing":[27],"undergraduate":[28],"learners":[29,75,91,459],"in":[30,41,109,194,221,298,318,352,465,480],"the":[31,46,62,68,77,80,122,145,162,190,212,270,314,353,372,388,423,441,466,475],"context":[32],"of":[33,45,61,70,73,125,149,154,158,189,203,228,242,265,309,324,330,366,398,454,477],"mental":[34,71,97,110,150,204,259,455],"had":[36],"been":[37,175],"broadly":[38],"investigated":[39,88,317],"mostly":[40],"developed":[42],"countries.":[43],"Most":[44],"studies":[47,469],"centered":[48],"on":[49,79,133,161,209,402],"sports":[50],"and":[51,76,129,170,187,199,206,251,326,349,364,380,410,483],"descriptive":[52],"findings":[53],"lack":[54],"critical":[55],"analysis.":[56],"OBJECTIVE:":[57],"The":[58,84,395,446],"main":[59],"objective":[60],"current":[63,85],"study":[64,86,115,218,337,368,400],"was":[65,322],"to":[66,102,120,197,280,311,332,343,371],"investigate":[67],"level":[69,124],"university":[74,90,137,458],"impact":[78,208],"learners'":[81],"performance.":[83],"also":[87],"whether":[89],"who":[92],"were":[93,141],"reported":[94,369,434],"with":[95,131,289],"greater":[96],"more":[100,297,342],"likely":[101],"be":[103,344,471],"academically":[104],"successful":[105],"than":[106,300,356],"those":[107],"lower":[108],"toughness.":[111,151],"METHODS:":[112],"This":[113,216,336],"quantitative":[114,217],"employed":[116],"SmartPls":[117],"3":[118],"software":[119],"predict":[121],"significant":[123,421],"motivation,":[126],"self-reliance,":[127],"concentration":[128],"coping":[130],"pressure":[132],"performance":[135],"among":[136,313],"learners.":[138],"Two":[139],"universities":[140],"considered":[142,219,230,256,341],"for":[143,182,232,257,449,457],"assessing":[144],"structural":[146,236,451],"equation":[147,237,452],"modeling":[148,453],"Additionally,":[152],"sources":[153,179],"data":[155],"included":[156],"reviews":[157],"different":[159,484],"books":[160],"related":[163],"topics,":[164],"research":[165],"studies,":[166],"articles,":[167],"journals,":[168],"newspapers,":[169],"magazines.":[171],"Substantial":[172],"information":[173],"has":[174],"gathered":[176,245],"from":[177,246,269,274,392,440],"these":[178],"allowing":[181],"appropriate":[183,231],"analysis,":[184],"compilation,":[185],"interpretation,":[186],"structuring":[188],"entire":[191,442],"study.":[192,261,467],"Thus,":[193],"attempt":[196],"isolate":[198],"categorize":[200],"potential":[201],"attributes":[202],"performance,":[211],"available":[213],"literature":[214],"reviewed.":[215],"adoptable":[220],"handling":[222],"bias":[223],"findings.":[224],"A":[225,239,263],"sample":[226],"size":[227],"417":[229,243],"a":[233,266,275,428,436],"variance":[234,390,438,463],"based":[235,401],"modeling.":[238],"total":[240,264],"number":[241],"responses":[244],"Angeles":[247],"University":[248,253],"Foundation":[249],"(AUF)":[250],"Baliuag":[252],"(BU),":[254],"Philippines":[255],"this":[258,292,319,367,399,450,478],"RESULTS:":[262],"75":[267],"percent":[268,462],"questionnaires":[271,278],"(477)":[272],"returned":[273],"sum":[276],"600":[277],"distributed":[279],"specified":[281],"respondents.":[282],"Demographic":[283],"details":[284],"report":[285],"that":[286,294,339],"female":[287,295],"responded":[288],"round-off":[290],"60%,":[291],"implied":[293],"strive":[296],"education":[299],"male.":[301],"Ages":[302],"17-20":[303],"occupied":[304],"55%":[305],"nursing/medicine":[306],"marked":[307,328],"around":[308,329],"34%":[310],"top":[312],"six":[315],"colleges":[316],"study,":[320],"next":[321],"college":[323],"business":[325,350],"administration":[327],"20%":[331],"take":[333],"second":[334],"place.":[335],"suggested":[338],"students":[340],"medical":[345],"doctors,":[346],"professional":[347,358],"nurses":[348],"practitioners":[351],"future":[354],"rather":[355],"being":[357],"teachers":[359],"or":[360],"system":[361],"engineers.":[362],"Reliability":[363],"validity":[365,397],"according":[370],"Smart-Pls":[373],"algorithm":[374,433],"factor":[375,405],"matrix,":[376],"Cronbach's":[377],"alpha,":[378],"rho_A,":[379],"composite":[381],"reliability":[382],"all":[383,417],"above":[384,409],"0.7":[385],"thresholds.":[386],"Also,":[387],"average":[389],"extracted":[391],"0.5":[393],"achieved.":[394,415],"discriminant":[396],"Fornell-Lackner":[403],"criterion,":[404],"loading":[406],"at":[407,422],"0.6":[408],"Heterotrait":[411],"Monotrait":[412],"Ratio":[413],"quality":[414],"Conclusively,":[416],"supported":[418],"path":[419],"coefficients":[420],"p-values":[424],"<":[425],"0.01.":[426],"In":[427],"nutshell,":[429],"partial":[430],"least":[431],"squares":[432],"about":[435],"58%":[437],"explained":[439,464],"structured":[443],"model.":[444],"CONCLUSION:":[445],"adopted":[447],"factors":[448],"achieved":[460],"fifty-eight":[461],"Future":[468],"can":[470],"directed":[472],"replicating":[474],"use":[476],"model":[479],"other":[481],"locations":[482],"analytical":[485],"techniques.":[486]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2019-04-11T00:00:00"}