{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2923991973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41510-9","title":"Effective and Reliable Framework for Lung Nodules Detection from CT Scan Images","display_name":"Effective and Reliable Framework for Lung Nodules Detection from CT Scan Images","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2923991973","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41510-9","mag":"2923991973","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30899052","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6428823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41510-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41510-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41510-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41510-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41510-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100738967","display_name":"Sajid Ali Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6939-8481","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6939-8481","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0270-2869"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152236710","display_name":"Foundation University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/0130a6s10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152236710"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36448004","display_name":"Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05yfc2w21","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36448004"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sajid Ali Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","Department of Software Engineering, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36448004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152236710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090112710","display_name":"Shariq Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-7274","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-7274"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152236710","display_name":"Foundation University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/0130a6s10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152236710"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shariq Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152236710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037089910","display_name":"Shunkun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8226-4477","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8226-4477"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shunkun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China. ysk@buaa.edu.cn","School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China. ysk@buaa.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Reliability and Systems Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077101503","display_name":"Khalid Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8877-7612","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8877-7612"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037089910"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":{"value":1790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1790},"apc_paid":{"value":1790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1790},"fwci":1.7104,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86532182,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"4989","last_page":"4989"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9634000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9634000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.029400000348687172,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulmonary-nodule-detection","display_name":"lung nodule detection","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-detection-of-lung-cancer","display_name":"early detection of lung cancer","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ct-images","display_name":"CT images","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nodule-classification","display_name":"nodule classification","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-contrast-enhancement","display_name":"image contrast enhancement","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"image segmentation","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"feature extraction","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidc-dataset","display_name":"LIDC dataset","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-reduction","display_name":"false positive reduction","score":0.9729999899864197}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776256026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912","display_name":"Lung cancer","level":2,"score":0.710752010345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6340205669403076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6118751168251038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.568308413028717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776731575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916245","display_name":"Nodule (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5660716891288757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5200064778327942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.5049582123756409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985322473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044843","display_name":"Cancer detection","level":3,"score":0.5046972036361694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49022966623306274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4895942807197571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.4872814416885376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777714996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886","display_name":"Lung","level":2,"score":0.42708611488342285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.42465686798095703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.41068035364151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4060983657836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.38328665494918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38322916626930237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.36936020851135254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.1827896237373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.10811454057693481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.06857874989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003074","descriptor_name":"Solitary Pulmonary Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003074","descriptor_name":"Solitary Pulmonary Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003074","descriptor_name":"Solitary Pulmonary Nodule","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011230","descriptor_name":"Precancerous Conditions","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011230","descriptor_name":"Precancerous Conditions","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011230","descriptor_name":"Precancerous Conditions","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055088","descriptor_name":"Early Detection of Cancer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41510-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41510-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41510-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41510-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5417479","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6428823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:30899052","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30899052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6428823","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6428823/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sci Rep","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e7e41b8fbea14a65b11a8448b4fc1b73","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e7e41b8fbea14a65b11a8448b4fc1b73","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41510-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41510-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41510-9","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41510-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9763000011444092,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6200340810","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61672080","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2923991973.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2923991973.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526662772","https://openalex.org/W1966847100","https://openalex.org/W1970360626","https://openalex.org/W1978818813","https://openalex.org/W1991324991","https://openalex.org/W1992395967","https://openalex.org/W2001882013","https://openalex.org/W2008937408","https://openalex.org/W2013290608","https://openalex.org/W2050787737","https://openalex.org/W2058333183","https://openalex.org/W2066720700","https://openalex.org/W2069862204","https://openalex.org/W2102669066","https://openalex.org/W2114163689","https://openalex.org/W2118328928","https://openalex.org/W2130258210","https://openalex.org/W2136325898","https://openalex.org/W2158805220","https://openalex.org/W2161912327","https://openalex.org/W2395655027","https://openalex.org/W2471801596","https://openalex.org/W2508503822","https://openalex.org/W2568045728","https://openalex.org/W2608882443","https://openalex.org/W2618720482","https://openalex.org/W2782360958","https://openalex.org/W2793409683","https://openalex.org/W2794249786","https://openalex.org/W2804717358","https://openalex.org/W2885251243","https://openalex.org/W2894713578","https://openalex.org/W2902226007"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3124660468","https://openalex.org/W2983956761","https://openalex.org/W2939794185","https://openalex.org/W2912841971","https://openalex.org/W2607442497","https://openalex.org/W2794249786","https://openalex.org/W2592392377","https://openalex.org/W7166517932","https://openalex.org/W7124254908","https://openalex.org/W7129077543"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lung":[0,133],"cancer":[1,9,42,52,69],"is":[2,17,20,146],"considered":[3],"more":[4],"serious":[5],"among":[6],"other":[7],"prevailing":[8],"types.":[10],"One":[11],"of":[12,40,48,50,67,74,94,109,116,126,164],"the":[13,46,72,124,131,144,151],"reasons":[14],"for":[15,88,112,149],"it":[16,19,25,32],"that":[18,30,97,143],"usually":[21],"not":[22],"diagnosed":[23],"until":[24],"has":[26],"spread":[27],"and":[28,114],"by":[29,107,129],"time":[31],"becomes":[33],"very":[34],"difficult":[35],"to":[36,158],"treat.":[37],"Early":[38],"detection":[39,57,66],"lung":[41,68],"can":[43,59],"significantly":[44],"increase":[45],"chances":[47,73],"survival":[49],"a":[51,61,84],"patient.":[53],"An":[54],"effective":[55,148],"nodule":[56,89],"system":[58],"play":[60],"key":[62],"role":[63],"in":[64],"early":[65],"thus":[70],"increasing":[71],"successful":[75],"treatment.":[76],"In":[77],"this":[78],"research":[79],"work,":[80],"we":[81],"have":[82,121],"proposed":[83],"novel":[85],"classification":[86],"framework":[87,92],"classification.":[90],"The":[91,139],"consists":[93],"multiple":[95],"phases":[96],"include":[98],"image":[99],"contrast":[100],"enhancement,":[101],"segmentation,":[102],"optimal":[103],"feature":[104],"extraction,":[105],"followed":[106],"employment":[108],"these":[110],"features":[111],"training":[113],"testing":[115],"Support":[117],"Vector":[118],"Machine.":[119],"We":[120,155],"empirically":[122],"tested":[123],"efficacy":[125],"our":[127],"technique":[128,145],"utilizing":[130],"well-known":[132],"Image":[134],"Consortium":[135],"Database":[136],"(LIDC)":[137],"dataset.":[138],"empirical":[140],"results":[141],"suggest":[142],"highly":[147],"reducing":[150],"false":[152],"positive":[153],"rates.":[154],"were":[156],"able":[157],"receive":[159],"an":[160],"impressive":[161],"sensitivity":[162],"rate":[163],"97.45%.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2019-04-01T00:00:00"}