{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2923715717","doi":null,"title":"Investigating the issue of out-of-school children in rural Pakistan: implications for policymakers","display_name":"Investigating the issue of out-of-school children in rural Pakistan: implications for policymakers","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2923715717","mag":"2923715717"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lboro.ac.uk:2134/36995","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401023","display_name":"Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","host_organization_name":"Loughborough University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36995","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Abdul Waheed Mughal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8245-9488","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8245-9488"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Waheed Mughal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8245-9488","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.7681000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11556","display_name":"Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare","score":0.7681000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14033","display_name":"Education in Rural Contexts","score":0.12020000070333481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13929","display_name":"Educational Outcomes and Influences","score":0.08969999849796295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-dropout","display_name":"school dropout","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-school-children","display_name":"out-of-school children","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-education","display_name":"secondary education","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-education","display_name":"rural education","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jhelum","display_name":"Jhelum","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/push-and-pull-factors","display_name":"push and pull factors","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-councils","display_name":"school councils","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-quality","display_name":"teacher quality","score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bullying","display_name":"bullying","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dowry","display_name":"dowry","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feudalism","display_name":"feudalism","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-migration","display_name":"seasonal migration","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-poverty","display_name":"household poverty","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-policy","display_name":"education policy","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dropout-prevention","display_name":"school dropout prevention","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-development-goals","display_name":"Sustainable Development Goals","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottom-up-policy","display_name":"bottom-up policy","score":0.7929999828338623}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.5549637079238892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4242219030857086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3559051752090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3346002697944641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3297805190086365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lboro.ac.uk:2134/36995","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401023","display_name":"Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","host_organization_name":"Loughborough University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/9479288","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/Investigating_the_issue_of_out-of-school_children_in_rural_Pakistan_implications_for_policymakers/9479288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402585","display_name":"Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","host_organization_name":"Loughborough University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:2923715717","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.771269","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lboro.ac.uk:2134/36995","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401023","display_name":"Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","host_organization_name":"Loughborough University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.975600004196167,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4074000120162964,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":93,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49508732","https://openalex.org/W64082913","https://openalex.org/W171382399","https://openalex.org/W293388832","https://openalex.org/W570351146","https://openalex.org/W572763526","https://openalex.org/W576487357","https://openalex.org/W1509106735","https://openalex.org/W1510775367","https://openalex.org/W1529771129","https://openalex.org/W1539362074","https://openalex.org/W1562297368","https://openalex.org/W1573215009","https://openalex.org/W1586856310","https://openalex.org/W1589772256","https://openalex.org/W1595096880","https://openalex.org/W1887397763","https://openalex.org/W1961856971","https://openalex.org/W1971053919","https://openalex.org/W1971851960","https://openalex.org/W1972446705","https://openalex.org/W1975101123","https://openalex.org/W1975523450","https://openalex.org/W1979554515","https://openalex.org/W1987251775","https://openalex.org/W1992400374","https://openalex.org/W1992883034","https://openalex.org/W2001062709","https://openalex.org/W2003067673","https://openalex.org/W2006929969","https://openalex.org/W2014090767","https://openalex.org/W2016363936","https://openalex.org/W2023422397","https://openalex.org/W2029600094","https://openalex.org/W2033516925","https://openalex.org/W2034378731","https://openalex.org/W2034444021","https://openalex.org/W2039495256","https://openalex.org/W2043903868","https://openalex.org/W2047486866","https://openalex.org/W2047974420","https://openalex.org/W2048542655","https://openalex.org/W2049664046","https://openalex.org/W2050124821","https://openalex.org/W2051202156","https://openalex.org/W2051881862","https://openalex.org/W2054457265","https://openalex.org/W2054479505","https://openalex.org/W2056791374","https://openalex.org/W2056954944","https://openalex.org/W2058466577","https://openalex.org/W2066366306","https://openalex.org/W2068016705","https://openalex.org/W2073043092","https://openalex.org/W2081571050","https://openalex.org/W2088641916","https://openalex.org/W2092736119","https://openalex.org/W2098343891","https://openalex.org/W2098779928","https://openalex.org/W2107416925","https://openalex.org/W2115928583","https://openalex.org/W2116092796","https://openalex.org/W2118774305","https://openalex.org/W2119382724","https://openalex.org/W2119822701","https://openalex.org/W2126044969","https://openalex.org/W2126481040","https://openalex.org/W2129390748","https://openalex.org/W2132820772","https://openalex.org/W2144086112","https://openalex.org/W2150549146","https://openalex.org/W2154657935","https://openalex.org/W2155896252","https://openalex.org/W2156128936","https://openalex.org/W2156424544","https://openalex.org/W2160027057","https://openalex.org/W2161551760","https://openalex.org/W2164652900","https://openalex.org/W2172036596","https://openalex.org/W2187223526","https://openalex.org/W2223262905","https://openalex.org/W2268460453","https://openalex.org/W2347082070","https://openalex.org/W2386665703","https://openalex.org/W2488226439","https://openalex.org/W2514567501","https://openalex.org/W2606462216","https://openalex.org/W2800166519","https://openalex.org/W2904446005","https://openalex.org/W3121894058","https://openalex.org/W3123724331","https://openalex.org/W3124601770","https://openalex.org/W3194339200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220975750","https://openalex.org/W4397011797","https://openalex.org/W2278206841","https://openalex.org/W4212885865","https://openalex.org/W7220683465","https://openalex.org/W7105520878","https://openalex.org/W3198530251","https://openalex.org/W7170302379","https://openalex.org/W2576421135","https://openalex.org/W4406392538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,61,145,210,246,287],"problem":[1],"of":[2,6,39,45,49,59,70,77,86,117,124,129,142,151,166,180,193,203,216,220,227,235,328,342,346,352,371],"students":[3],"dropping":[4,143],"out":[5,137,147,212],"school":[7,46,113,118,125,284],"is":[8],"a":[9,56,82,218,270,297,359],"barrier":[10],"to":[11,158,300,323,363],"poor":[12,170,231],"and":[13,34,51,64,94,98,120,138,163,200,205,222,238,240,267,281,302,314,344,365],"developing":[14],"countries":[15],"such":[16,369],"as":[17,370],"Pakistan":[18],"meeting":[19],"international":[20,315],"education":[21,31,326],"targets.":[22],"This":[23,355],"thesis":[24,306],"explores":[25],"the":[26,37,52,72,90,130,196,201,251,255,309,325,329,350,374],"dropout":[27,295,320],"phenomenon":[28],"from":[29,243],"secondary":[30,74,268],"(classes":[32],"9":[33],"10)":[35],"through":[36],"perspectives":[38,293],"teachers,":[40,42,109,111],"head":[41,108],"community":[43,122],"members":[44,123],"councils,":[47],"fathers":[48,116],"dropouts":[50,53,68],"themselves,":[54],"in":[55,168,174,195,229,254],"rural":[57,84,198],"district":[58,87],"Pakistan.":[60],"study":[62,131],"collected":[63],"analysed":[65],"data":[66],"on":[67,279,291,294,319],"(N=844)":[69],"all":[71],"public":[73,247],"schools":[75],"(N=38)":[76],"subdivision":[78],"Pind":[79],"Dadan":[80],"Khan,":[81],"remote":[83,197],"region":[85],"Jhelum,":[88],"during":[89],"academic":[91,171,221],"years":[92],"2011-12":[93],"2012-13.":[95],"In-depth":[96],"individual":[97],"group":[99],"interviews":[100],"were":[101],"conducted":[102],"with":[103],"103":[104],"participants":[105],"comprising":[106],"18":[107,112],"41":[110],"dropouts,":[114,119,372],"14":[115],"12":[121],"councils.":[126],"\\nThe":[127,305],"findings":[128],"show":[132],"several":[133],"pull":[134,146],"out,":[135],"push":[136,211],"policy-":[139],"related":[140],"factors":[141,148,213,249],"out.":[144],"are:":[149,214,250],"absence":[150],"an":[152,282],"educational":[153],"environment":[154],"at":[155,264,312,349,373],"home;":[156],"desire":[157],"seek":[159],"religious":[160],"education;":[161],"pupils":[162],"parents":[164],"lack":[165,219,226],"interest":[167,228],"schooling;":[169],"performance;":[172],"failure":[173],"class":[175,244],"9;":[176],"household":[177],"poverty;":[178],"pressures":[179],"domestic":[181],"responsibilities;":[182],"large":[183],"family":[184],"sizes;":[185],"local":[186,340],"labour":[187],"market":[188],"conditions;":[189],"seasonal":[190],"migration;":[191],"influence":[192],"feudalism":[194],"areas;":[199],"custom":[202],"dowry":[204],"marrying":[206],"daughters":[207],"off":[208],"early.":[209],"locations":[215],"schools;":[217],"physical":[223],"facilities;":[224],"teachers":[225],"teaching;":[230,233],"quality":[232],"practices":[234],"rote":[236],"learning":[237],"memorisation;":[239],"explicit":[241],"bullying":[242],"teachers.":[245],"policy-related":[248],"syllabus":[252],"being":[253],"English":[256],"medium;":[257],"automated":[258],"progression":[259],"policy;":[260],"different":[261],"examination":[262],"systems":[263],"primary,":[265],"elementary,":[266],"levels;":[269],"non-deregistration":[271],"policy":[272,301,310,361],"for":[273],"long-absentee":[274],"pupils;":[275],"imposing":[276],"non-teaching":[277],"duties":[278],"teachers;":[280],"ineffective":[283],"council":[285],"policy.":[286],"in-depth":[288],"investigation":[289],"based":[290],"stakeholders":[292],"has":[296],"vital":[298],"contribution":[299],"intervention":[303,337],"implementation.":[304],"argues":[307],"that":[308],"focus":[311],"national":[313],"levels":[316],"should":[317],"be":[318],"prevention":[321],"strategies":[322,348],"achieve":[324],"targets":[327],"Sustainable":[330],"Development":[331],"Goals":[332],"(SDGs)":[333],"by":[334],"2030.":[335],"Good":[336],"always":[338],"requires":[339],"analysis":[341],"problems":[343],"assessments":[345],"potential":[347],"point":[351],"service":[353],"delivery.":[354],"study,":[356],"therefore,":[357],"advocated":[358],"bottom-up":[360],"approach":[362],"understand":[364],"address":[366],"social":[367],"phenomena,":[368],"grass-roots":[375],"level.":[376]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2019-04-01T00:00:00"}