{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2922535232","doi":null,"title":"Nitric Acid-Impregnated Activated Carbon from Palm Kernel Shell as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil","display_name":"Nitric Acid-Impregnated Activated Carbon from Palm Kernel Shell as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2922535232","mag":"2922535232"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:utpedia.utp.edu.my:16319","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/id/eprint/16319/1/DISSERTATION%20Aqilah%20Jazuli%2015626.pdf","pdf_url":"http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/id/eprint/16319/1/DISSERTATION%20Aqilah%20Jazuli%2015626.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401854","display_name":"UTPedia (Universiti Teknologi Petronas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I203899302","host_organization_name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Final Year Project"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jazuli, Aqilah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jazuli, Aqilah","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10507","display_name":"Biodiesel Production and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11351","display_name":"Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1503","display_name":"Catalysis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10088","display_name":"Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2103","display_name":"Fuel Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodiesel-production","display_name":"biodiesel production","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-cooking-oil","display_name":"waste cooking oil","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/palm-kernel-shell","display_name":"palm kernel shell","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activated-carbon","display_name":"activated carbon","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-acid-catalyst","display_name":"heterogeneous acid catalyst","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-fatty-acids","display_name":"free fatty acids","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcination","display_name":"calcination","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catalyst-characterization","display_name":"catalyst characterization","score":0.5460000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52896960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167947","display_name":"Biodiesel","level":3,"score":0.7754861116409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777021569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7128104","display_name":"Palm kernel","level":3,"score":0.7378202676773071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064870","display_name":"Muffle furnace","level":4,"score":0.6787949800491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66910140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905957","display_name":"Biodiesel production","level":4,"score":0.6671593189239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779647737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190878","display_name":"Activated carbon","level":3,"score":0.5997486710548401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206139338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355","display_name":"Raw material","level":2,"score":0.5885152816772461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.5160055160522461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.4859263002872467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778814971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1960534","display_name":"Palm kernel oil","level":3,"score":0.4796205461025238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262336","display_name":"Waste oil","level":2,"score":0.4753023087978363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60100273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902806","display_name":"Thermogravimetric analysis","level":2,"score":0.4489636719226837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994005212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427457","display_name":"Cooking oil","level":4,"score":0.44132381677627563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138171918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38423","display_name":"Diesel fuel","level":2,"score":0.41658106446266174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.39450687170028687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.39217472076416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.38579806685447693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150394285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180254","display_name":"Adsorption","level":2,"score":0.31447046995162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7082614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849523","display_name":"Calcination","level":3,"score":0.2473413348197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.17814096808433533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988237154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q231458","display_name":"Palm oil","level":2,"score":0.12247928977012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.07354468107223511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:utpedia.utp.edu.my:16319","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/id/eprint/16319/1/DISSERTATION%20Aqilah%20Jazuli%2015626.pdf","pdf_url":"http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/id/eprint/16319/1/DISSERTATION%20Aqilah%20Jazuli%2015626.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401854","display_name":"UTPedia (Universiti Teknologi Petronas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I203899302","host_organization_name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Final Year Project"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.878000020980835}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W227814186","https://openalex.org/W1964894328","https://openalex.org/W1970487164","https://openalex.org/W1976138628","https://openalex.org/W1976196967","https://openalex.org/W1984320082","https://openalex.org/W1995913364","https://openalex.org/W2004736757","https://openalex.org/W2009002040","https://openalex.org/W2009911678","https://openalex.org/W2030135099","https://openalex.org/W2050142092","https://openalex.org/W2062219808","https://openalex.org/W2062388605","https://openalex.org/W2068305580","https://openalex.org/W2070534223","https://openalex.org/W2079828865","https://openalex.org/W2089919226","https://openalex.org/W2165942076","https://openalex.org/W2168013274"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2975525243","https://openalex.org/W7163214379","https://openalex.org/W4368374059","https://openalex.org/W7215043264","https://openalex.org/W4311057528","https://openalex.org/W7129503063","https://openalex.org/W2256706930","https://openalex.org/W3111200637","https://openalex.org/W2291411208","https://openalex.org/W3142998785"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,99,120],"ever-increasing":[1],"energy":[2,20],"demand":[3],"and":[4,97,139,143],"gradual":[5],"depletion":[6],"of":[7,16,19,32,37,46,87],"fossil":[8],"fuels,":[9],"together":[10],"with":[11,93,115],"environment":[12],"concerns,":[13],"the":[14,29,35,44,51,56,63,67],"exploration":[15],"alternative":[17],"source":[18],"such":[21,129],"as":[22,60,130],"biodiesel":[23,38,52,81],"is":[24],"gaining":[25],"considerable":[26],"attention.":[27],"However,":[28],"high":[30,88],"cost":[31,59],"feedstock":[33],"limits":[34],"commercialization":[36],"compared":[39],"to":[40,75,147],"conventional":[41],"diesel.":[42],"Thus,":[43],"utilization":[45],"waste":[47,84],"cooking":[48,85],"oil":[49,86],"in":[50,106],"production":[53,58,82],"can":[54],"reduce":[55],"total":[57],"well":[61],"solving":[62],"disposal":[64],"problem.":[65],"In":[66],"present":[68],"work,":[69],"heterogeneous":[70],"acid":[71,91],"catalysts":[72,121],"were":[73,123],"studied":[74],"develop":[76],"an":[77],"effective":[78],"catalyst":[79],"for":[80],"from":[83],"free":[89],"fatty":[90],"content":[92],"improved":[94],"catalytic":[95],"activity":[96],"stability.":[98],"dried":[100],"palm":[101],"kernel":[102],"shell":[103],"was":[104],"calcined":[105],"a":[107],"muffle":[108],"furnace":[109],"at":[110,117],"500":[111],"oC":[112],"after":[113],"impregnated":[114],"HNO3":[116],"different":[118],"concentration.":[119],"then":[122],"characterized":[124],"by":[125],"various":[126],"analytical":[127],"techniques":[128],"N2":[131],"adsorption-desorption,":[132],"X-ray":[133],"diffraction":[134],"(XRD),":[135],"thermogravimetric":[136],"analysis":[137],"(TGA),":[138],"BET":[140],"surface":[141],"area":[142],"pore":[144],"size":[145],"analyzer":[146],"explore":[148],"their":[149],"physicochemical":[150],"properties.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
