{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2922028352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scz010","title":"Variation in patent impact by organization type: An investigation of government, university, and corporate patents","display_name":"Variation in patent impact by organization type: An investigation of government, university, and corporate patents","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2922028352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scz010","mag":"2922028352"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/scipol/scz010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scz010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scz010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168539","display_name":"Science and Public Policy","issn_l":"0302-3427","issn":["0302-3427","1471-5430"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and Public Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028684183","display_name":"Jon Schmid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-8966","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2317-8966"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309849503","display_name":"RAND Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/00f2z7n96","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jon Schmid","raw_affiliation_strings":["RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue #600, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue #600, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008722809","display_name":"Ayodeji Fajebe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayodeji Fajebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sam Nunn School of International Affairs, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028684183"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309849503"],"apc_list":{"value":4077,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4608},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2047,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93879874,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"4","first_page":"589","last_page":"598"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10102","display_name":"scientometrics and bibliometrics research","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12851","display_name":"Firm Innovation and Growth","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-impact","display_name":"patent impact","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-patents","display_name":"university patents","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-patents","display_name":"corporate patents","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government-patents","display_name":"government patents","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patent-citations","display_name":"patent citations","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-change","display_name":"technological change","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation-policy","display_name":"innovation policy","score":0.6539999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.8014240264892578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.775698721408844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.5894119739532471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5405582189559937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.49999523162841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137996800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q762702","display_name":"Technological change","level":2,"score":0.47836631536483765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.39633670449256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3091253638267517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.2219858467578888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/scipol/scz010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scz010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scz010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210168539","display_name":"Science and Public Policy","issn_l":"0302-3427","issn":["0302-3427","1471-5430"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science and Public Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:oup:scippl:v:46:y:2019:i:4:p:589-598.","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/scipol/scz010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492832303","https://openalex.org/W1512940104","https://openalex.org/W1521416769","https://openalex.org/W1526169688","https://openalex.org/W1528905581","https://openalex.org/W1550976177","https://openalex.org/W1967629308","https://openalex.org/W1970083548","https://openalex.org/W1971555783","https://openalex.org/W1971782430","https://openalex.org/W2001555481","https://openalex.org/W2004631640","https://openalex.org/W2010635808","https://openalex.org/W2014245925","https://openalex.org/W2016550186","https://openalex.org/W2022156453","https://openalex.org/W2033912020","https://openalex.org/W2049737595","https://openalex.org/W2056909456","https://openalex.org/W2060815133","https://openalex.org/W2062539985","https://openalex.org/W2075964238","https://openalex.org/W2086044507","https://openalex.org/W2094736317","https://openalex.org/W2101616572","https://openalex.org/W2142084287","https://openalex.org/W2166881616","https://openalex.org/W2166987116","https://openalex.org/W2238468911","https://openalex.org/W2241673902","https://openalex.org/W2315076966","https://openalex.org/W2526564712","https://openalex.org/W2564744035","https://openalex.org/W2588251960","https://openalex.org/W2601604343","https://openalex.org/W2754395550","https://openalex.org/W2893046777","https://openalex.org/W3122577708","https://openalex.org/W3122896559","https://openalex.org/W3124582879","https://openalex.org/W3141410026","https://openalex.org/W3143070727","https://openalex.org/W3151015457","https://openalex.org/W4300579401","https://openalex.org/W6681052300"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2891782533","https://openalex.org/W2106833805","https://openalex.org/W7096004054","https://openalex.org/W4405774605","https://openalex.org/W2027912492","https://openalex.org/W2818086406","https://openalex.org/W2023441251","https://openalex.org/W2949340517","https://openalex.org/W2051512068","https://openalex.org/W70474282"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"article":[2],"investigates":[3],"whether":[4],"patents":[5,61,68,75,86,92,105],"assigned":[6,36],"to":[7,19,31,37,93,122],"different":[8],"types":[9],"of":[10,46],"organizations\u2014firms,":[11],"universities,":[12],"and":[13,40,52,69,73,84,98,110],"government":[14,74],"research":[15],"agencies\u2014vary":[16],"with":[17],"regards":[18],"their":[20],"effect":[21],"on":[22,43,113],"subsequent":[23,114],"technological":[24,115,129],"change.":[25],"We":[26],"find":[27,58],"the":[28,44],"organization":[29],"type":[30],"which":[32],"a":[33,48,107],"patent":[34,49],"is":[35,50],"have":[38,106],"significant":[39],"robust":[41],"effects":[42],"number":[45],"times":[47],"cited":[51,63,97],"its":[53],"generality.":[54],"More":[55],"precisely,":[56],"we":[57],"that":[59,70,103,118,120],"university":[60,72,83,104],"are":[62,76,87],"more":[64,77,88],"often":[65],"than":[66,79,90],"corporate":[67,80,91],"both":[71,95],"general":[78],"ones.":[81],"Additionally,":[82],"governments":[85],"likely":[89],"be":[94],"highly":[96,99],"general.":[100],"The":[101],"finding":[102],"particularly":[108],"deep":[109],"wide":[111],"impact":[112],"change":[116],"suggests":[117],"policies":[119],"attempt":[121],"use":[123],"universities":[124],"as":[125],"engines":[126],"for":[127],"advancing":[128],"innovation":[130],"may":[131],"hold":[132],"promise.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2019-03-22T00:00:00"}
