{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2922018161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.03.003","title":"Natural selection and the reference grain problem","display_name":"Natural selection and the reference grain problem","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2922018161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.03.003","mag":"2922018161","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32383666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.03.003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.03.003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.03.003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S21220828","display_name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A","issn_l":"0039-3681","issn":["0039-3681","1879-2510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025665306","display_name":"Pierrick Bourrat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4465-6015","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4465-6015"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pierrick Bourrat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Macquarie University, Department of Philosophy, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia; The University of Sydney, Department of Philosophy, Unit for the History and Philosophy of Science & Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Electronic address: p.bourrat@gmail.com","Macquarie University, Department of Philosophy, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia","The University of Sydney, Department of Philosophy, Unit for the History and Philosophy of Science & Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4465-6015","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macquarie University, Department of Philosophy, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia; The University of Sydney, Department of Philosophy, Unit for the History and Philosophy of Science & Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Electronic address: p.bourrat@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602","https://openalex.org/I99043593"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Macquarie University, Department of Philosophy, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sydney, Department of Philosophy, Unit for the History and Philosophy of Science & Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025665306"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602","https://openalex.org/I99043593"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1800},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3535,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97645606,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"80","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12182","display_name":"Evolution and Science Education","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-selection","display_name":"natural selection","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness","display_name":"fitness","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-class-problem","display_name":"reference class problem","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drift","display_name":"drift","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-biology","display_name":"philosophy of biology","score":0.5879999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75268714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43478","display_name":"Natural selection","level":3,"score":0.7730860710144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.7140325307846069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347599","display_name":"sort","level":2,"score":0.6972267031669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5818621516227722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5144944190979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4819790720939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.479897141456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.45002302527427673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99701942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5455479","display_name":"Fitness proportionate selection","level":4,"score":0.4346712827682495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.3439382314682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26773691177368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26149943470954895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176066374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629118","display_name":"Fitness function","level":3,"score":0.19579944014549255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.15688440203666687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.14701738953590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.13235196471214294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.11919713020324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.03.003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.03.003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2019.03.003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S21220828","display_name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A","issn_l":"0039-3681","issn":["0039-3681","1879-2510"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32383666","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32383666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in history and philosophy of science","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Life on land","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306193","display_name":"John Templeton Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/035tnyy05"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4580486","https://openalex.org/W31918790","https://openalex.org/W69501525","https://openalex.org/W81295163","https://openalex.org/W149492922","https://openalex.org/W155627358","https://openalex.org/W173865856","https://openalex.org/W298841817","https://openalex.org/W334565569","https://openalex.org/W653576920","https://openalex.org/W1480083809","https://openalex.org/W1511771787","https://openalex.org/W1523601525","https://openalex.org/W1528227417","https://openalex.org/W1539514422","https://openalex.org/W1600991560","https://openalex.org/W1608363683","https://openalex.org/W1637361676","https://openalex.org/W1901641770","https://openalex.org/W1966568033","https://openalex.org/W1969136913","https://openalex.org/W1971403646","https://openalex.org/W1982887658","https://openalex.org/W1987155068","https://openalex.org/W1995285792","https://openalex.org/W1998307821","https://openalex.org/W2004778468","https://openalex.org/W2009106677","https://openalex.org/W2018312512","https://openalex.org/W2019633618","https://openalex.org/W2019732418","https://openalex.org/W2021351778","https://openalex.org/W2022190043","https://openalex.org/W2025946306","https://openalex.org/W2028172769","https://openalex.org/W2032405357","https://openalex.org/W2036157357","https://openalex.org/W2046572677","https://openalex.org/W2051257402","https://openalex.org/W2058331957","https://openalex.org/W2060597238","https://openalex.org/W2063792498","https://openalex.org/W2098704509","https://openalex.org/W2102566367","https://openalex.org/W2106414733","https://openalex.org/W2122466594","https://openalex.org/W2123224177","https://openalex.org/W2125492167","https://openalex.org/W2138944261","https://openalex.org/W2140810925","https://openalex.org/W2141088880","https://openalex.org/W2150626156","https://openalex.org/W2152648747","https://openalex.org/W2159325597","https://openalex.org/W2163209279","https://openalex.org/W2175147130","https://openalex.org/W2177615838","https://openalex.org/W2226019249","https://openalex.org/W2251026370","https://openalex.org/W2477560853","https://openalex.org/W2489482792","https://openalex.org/W2509341800","https://openalex.org/W2545707545","https://openalex.org/W2562068548","https://openalex.org/W2571854954","https://openalex.org/W2624262714","https://openalex.org/W2624535262","https://openalex.org/W2624543427","https://openalex.org/W2803129905","https://openalex.org/W2805812135","https://openalex.org/W2939601487","https://openalex.org/W3021972803","https://openalex.org/W3140996419","https://openalex.org/W4210652510","https://openalex.org/W4237542790","https://openalex.org/W4240755091","https://openalex.org/W6636600450"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W298841817","https://openalex.org/W2122466594","https://openalex.org/W2159325597","https://openalex.org/W7046814903","https://openalex.org/W4243721275","https://openalex.org/W2150626156","https://openalex.org/W3204877225","https://openalex.org/W2324258852","https://openalex.org/W2368292520","https://openalex.org/W3088446430"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2019-03-22T00:00:00"}