{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2921964533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12923.2","title":"CUBES: A practical toolkit to measure enablers and barriers to behavior for effective intervention design","display_name":"CUBES: A practical toolkit to measure enablers and barriers to behavior for effective intervention design","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2921964533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12923.2","mag":"2921964533","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31294419","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6601426"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.12688/gatesopenres.12923.2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12923.2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12923.2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224510","display_name":"Gates Open Research","issn_l":"2572-4754","issn":["2572-4754"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315590","host_organization_name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Gates Open Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12923.2","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063990795","display_name":"Elisabeth Engl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1400-7858","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1400-7858"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisabeth Engl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Surgo Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, 20001, USA","Surgo Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, 20001"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1400-7858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surgo Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, 20001, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surgo Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, 20001","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010679444","display_name":"Sema K. Sgaier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8311-2686","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8311-2686"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sema K. Sgaier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Global Health & Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA","Surgo Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, 20001, USA","Department of Global Health & Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA","Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle, Washington","Surgo Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, 20001"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8311-2686","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Global Health & Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surgo Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, 20001, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Global Health & Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Seattle, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Surgo Foundation, Washington, District of Columbia, 20001","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010679444"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":2.0287,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86789941,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"886","last_page":"886"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.6650000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.6650000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.09489999711513519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10629","display_name":"Health Policy Implementation Science","score":0.0674000009894371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behaviour-change-interventions","display_name":"behaviour change interventions","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/behavioral-factors","display_name":"behavioral factors","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barriers-and-facilitators","display_name":"barriers and facilitators","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention-design","display_name":"intervention design","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing-research-methodology","display_name":"marketing research methodology","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-science","display_name":"decision science","score":0.7639999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.715711236000061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.6038939356803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45274457335472107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3784826695919037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3621312379837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.11525902152061462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.12688/gatesopenres.12923.2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12923.2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12923.2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224510","display_name":"Gates Open Research","issn_l":"2572-4754","issn":["2572-4754"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315590","host_organization_name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Gates Open Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6601426","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6601426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Gates Open Res","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:31294419","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31294419","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Gates open research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:59bab9fad71e48f0b96b645a02d3ab87","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/59bab9fad71e48f0b96b645a02d3ab87","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Gates Open Research, Vol 3 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.12688/gatesopenres.12923.2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12923.2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12923.2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210224510","display_name":"Gates Open Research","issn_l":"2572-4754","issn":["2572-4754"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315590","host_organization_name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Gates Open Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309622","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":113,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83696089","https://openalex.org/W158727920","https://openalex.org/W198816049","https://openalex.org/W1481908410","https://openalex.org/W1490774257","https://openalex.org/W1533455269","https://openalex.org/W1552468722","https://openalex.org/W1572861063","https://openalex.org/W1626333398","https://openalex.org/W1700801650","https://openalex.org/W1703858192","https://openalex.org/W1855379757","https://openalex.org/W1911711584","https://openalex.org/W1933644925","https://openalex.org/W1964499736","https://openalex.org/W1967179990","https://openalex.org/W1971558152","https://openalex.org/W1976007338","https://openalex.org/W1984780990","https://openalex.org/W1987523869","https://openalex.org/W1998600637","https://openalex.org/W1998778493","https://openalex.org/W1999699043","https://openalex.org/W2013173825","https://openalex.org/W2016292497","https://openalex.org/W2016413780","https://openalex.org/W2019468307","https://openalex.org/W2021413352","https://openalex.org/W2026430284","https://openalex.org/W2030874315","https://openalex.org/W2036039804","https://openalex.org/W2036358184","https://openalex.org/W2042581243","https://openalex.org/W2043708607","https://openalex.org/W2047867687","https://openalex.org/W2049242559","https://openalex.org/W2064237699","https://openalex.org/W2068172675","https://openalex.org/W2069181680","https://openalex.org/W2071559616","https://openalex.org/W2077109464","https://openalex.org/W2085446324","https://openalex.org/W2087530869","https://openalex.org/W2089932262","https://openalex.org/W2099233982","https://openalex.org/W2099465598","https://openalex.org/W2099697766","https://openalex.org/W2102635611","https://openalex.org/W2103356705","https://openalex.org/W2105630660","https://openalex.org/W2107181104","https://openalex.org/W2111591671","https://openalex.org/W2115721397","https://openalex.org/W2116440749","https://openalex.org/W2116573651","https://openalex.org/W2118052532","https://openalex.org/W2120969145","https://openalex.org/W2129558137","https://openalex.org/W2130183330","https://openalex.org/W2134740567","https://openalex.org/W2134859409","https://openalex.org/W2136219431","https://openalex.org/W2136608905","https://openalex.org/W2137067366","https://openalex.org/W2137462785","https://openalex.org/W2138499004","https://openalex.org/W2140534852","https://openalex.org/W2141462329","https://openalex.org/W2142912849","https://openalex.org/W2146835024","https://openalex.org/W2148349675","https://openalex.org/W2150393719","https://openalex.org/W2152095411","https://openalex.org/W2157475569","https://openalex.org/W2158216255","https://openalex.org/W2160776232","https://openalex.org/W2161632992","https://openalex.org/W2167557160","https://openalex.org/W2167984471","https://openalex.org/W2168057631","https://openalex.org/W2169017803","https://openalex.org/W2169434152","https://openalex.org/W2204468525","https://openalex.org/W2239486811","https://openalex.org/W2254735081","https://openalex.org/W2470959016","https://openalex.org/W2503591959","https://openalex.org/W2513350135","https://openalex.org/W2528975767","https://openalex.org/W2534090929","https://openalex.org/W2552558277","https://openalex.org/W2626783607","https://openalex.org/W2751854602","https://openalex.org/W2751955023","https://openalex.org/W2766270716","https://openalex.org/W2772852613","https://openalex.org/W2792376494","https://openalex.org/W2792531544","https://openalex.org/W2792844427","https://openalex.org/W2947067587","https://openalex.org/W2954022219","https://openalex.org/W3011865677","https://openalex.org/W3014645853","https://openalex.org/W3124551585","https://openalex.org/W3217456081","https://openalex.org/W4231165370","https://openalex.org/W4236970490","https://openalex.org/W4242883546","https://openalex.org/W4252823809","https://openalex.org/W4301056702","https://openalex.org/W6647975832","https://openalex.org/W6724666203","https://openalex.org/W6929585014"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204455668","https://openalex.org/W2136608905","https://openalex.org/W3093398320","https://openalex.org/W744855463","https://openalex.org/W7147100724","https://openalex.org/W3038561659","https://openalex.org/W2981047140","https://openalex.org/W2946385977","https://openalex.org/W2591591866","https://openalex.org/W2117132951"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"pressing":[1],"goal":[2],"in":[3,106,131,184],"global":[4,108,132],"development":[5,109],"and":[6,17,38,42,88,102,119,125,168,175,210,221,225,230,246,249,254],"other":[7],"sectors":[8,203,238],"is":[9,27,78],"often":[10,28],"to":[11,19,50,61,84,141,186,217,239,251],"understand":[12],"what":[13],"drives":[14],"people's":[15],"behaviors,":[16],"how":[18],"influence":[20],"them.":[21,52],"Yet":[22],"designing":[23],"behavior":[24],"change":[25,252],"interventions":[26],"an":[29],"unsystematic":[30],"process,":[31],"hobbled":[32],"by":[33],"insufficient":[34],"understanding":[35],"of":[36,58,75,116,146,148,179,182,193,227,243],"contextual":[37],"perceptual":[39],"behavioral":[40],"drivers":[41,87,147,183],"a":[43,55,72,79,114,152,173,194],"narrow":[44],"focus":[45],"on":[46],"limited":[47],"research":[48,101],"methods":[49,128,137,201],"assess":[51],"We":[53,158,197],"propose":[54,113],"toolkit":[56,220,234],"(CUBES)":[57],"two":[59],"solutions":[60],"help":[62],"programs":[63,83,214,236],"arrive":[64],"at":[65],"more":[66],"effective":[67],"interventions.":[68,91],"First,":[69],"we":[70,112,150],"introduce":[71],"novel":[73],"framework":[74,94],"behavior,":[76,149],"which":[77,213],"practical":[80],"tool":[81],"for":[82,155],"structure":[85],"potential":[86,191],"match":[89],"corresponding":[90],"This":[92],"evidence-based":[93],"was":[95],"developed":[96],"through":[97,104],"extensive":[98],"cross-sectoral":[99],"literature":[100],"refined":[103],"application":[105],"large-scale":[107],"programs.":[110],"Second,":[111],"set":[115],"descriptive,":[117],"experimental,":[118],"simulation":[120],"approaches":[121],"that":[122,160],"can":[123,215],"enhance":[124],"expand":[126],"the":[127,143,190,223,241],"commonly":[129,162],"used":[130,163],"development.":[133],"Since":[134],"not":[135],"all":[136,189],"are":[138],"equally":[139],"suited":[140],"capture":[142],"different":[144],"types":[145,181],"present":[151],"decision":[153,211],"aid":[154],"method":[156],"selection.":[157],"recommend":[159,199],"existing":[161],"methods,":[164],"such":[165,204],"as":[166,172,205],"observations":[167],"surveys,":[169],"use":[170,216],"CUBES":[171,233],"scaffold":[174],"incorporate":[176],"validated":[177],"measures":[178],"specific":[180],"order":[185],"comprehensively":[187],"test":[188,222],"components":[192],"target":[195],"behavior.":[196],"also":[198],"under-used":[200],"from":[202],"market":[206],"research,":[207],"experimental":[208],"psychology,":[209],"science,":[212],"extend":[218],"their":[219],"importance":[224],"impact":[226],"key":[228],"enablers":[229],"barriers.":[231],"The":[232],"enables":[235],"across":[237],"streamline":[240],"process":[242],"conceptualizing,":[244],"designing,":[245],"optimizing":[247],"interventions,":[248],"ultimately":[250],"behaviors":[253],"achieve":[255],"targeted":[256],"outcomes.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2019-03-22T00:00:00"}