{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2921534444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7030066","title":"What Is Performance? A Scoping Review of Performance Outcomes as Study Endpoints in Athletics","display_name":"What Is Performance? A Scoping Review of Performance Outcomes as Study Endpoints in Athletics","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2921534444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7030066","mag":"2921534444","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30884863","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6473619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sports7030066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7030066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7030066","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/7/3/66/pdf?version=1552909080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234981","display_name":"Sports","issn_l":"2075-4663","issn":["2075-4663"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/7/3/66/pdf?version=1552909080","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002515176","display_name":"Benjamin P. Raysmith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6701-3736","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6701-3736"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin P. Raysmith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Athletics Australia, Melbourne 3206, Australia","Athletics Research Centre, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6701-3736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Athletics Australia, Melbourne 3206, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Athletics Research Centre, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001078165","display_name":"Jenny Jacobsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1551-1722","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1551-1722"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jenny Jacobsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Athletics Research Centre, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","Swedish Athletics Association, 120 30 Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1551-1722","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Athletics Research Centre, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swedish Athletics Association, 120 30 Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072752929","display_name":"Michael K. Drew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7686-3780","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7686-3780"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188329596","display_name":"University of Canberra","ror":"https://ror.org/04s1nv328","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael K. Drew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce 2617, Australia","Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and Its Prevention (ACRISP), Melbourne 3086, Australia","University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra 2617, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Athlete Availability Program, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce 2617, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Australian Collaboration for Research into Injury in Sport and Its Prevention (ACRISP), Melbourne 3086, Australia","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra 2617, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188329596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023552851","display_name":"Toomas Timpka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6049-5402","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6049-5402"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toomas Timpka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Athletics Research Centre, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6049-5402","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Athletics Research Centre, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002515176"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1013},"apc_paid":{"value":231,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":249},"fwci":0.4182,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34996436,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"66","last_page":"66"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10157","display_name":"Sports Performance and Training","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13359","display_name":"Sports Science and Education","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-outcomes","display_name":"performance outcomes","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/study-endpoints","display_name":"study endpoints","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track-and-field","display_name":"track and field","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-indicators","display_name":"performance indicators","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-evaluation","display_name":"performance evaluation","score":0.4560000002384186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6318501234054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6292545795440674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6116857528686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777120189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780067","display_name":"Triage","level":2,"score":0.609705924987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.4853285849094391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190812933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28923","display_name":"Chart","level":2,"score":0.469582736492157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.4160851538181305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3937070965766907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3906313478946686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3353330194950104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2569636106491089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.19146299362182617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.1489209234714508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13501626253128052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11895361542701721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07838815450668335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sports7030066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7030066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7030066","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/7/3/66/pdf?version=1552909080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234981","display_name":"Sports","issn_l":"2075-4663","issn":["2075-4663"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6473619","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6473619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sports (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:30884863","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30884863","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sports (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:liu-164463","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-164463","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","host_organization_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:29c7ba6e61224ebc8f580735742d5eb6","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/29c7ba6e61224ebc8f580735742d5eb6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sports, Vol 7, Iss 3, p 66 (2019)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sports7030066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7030066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7030066","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/7/3/66/pdf?version=1552909080","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210234981","display_name":"Sports","issn_l":"2075-4663","issn":["2075-4663"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2921534444.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2921534444.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1582345105","https://openalex.org/W1964256582","https://openalex.org/W1976054670","https://openalex.org/W1978710975","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W2012704656","https://openalex.org/W2013811491","https://openalex.org/W2031647209","https://openalex.org/W2041610560","https://openalex.org/W2044844192","https://openalex.org/W2048847711","https://openalex.org/W2055080247","https://openalex.org/W2068199430","https://openalex.org/W2075950485","https://openalex.org/W2084154288","https://openalex.org/W2095406014","https://openalex.org/W2114488753","https://openalex.org/W2114707258","https://openalex.org/W2120568780","https://openalex.org/W2130252003","https://openalex.org/W2136885808","https://openalex.org/W2142703435","https://openalex.org/W2148992866","https://openalex.org/W2162870842","https://openalex.org/W2169205464","https://openalex.org/W2169748443","https://openalex.org/W2170573544","https://openalex.org/W2222722196","https://openalex.org/W2581016038","https://openalex.org/W2609900432","https://openalex.org/W2620917922","https://openalex.org/W2734081672","https://openalex.org/W2793941254","https://openalex.org/W2891378911","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6686311374"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2168231964","https://openalex.org/W2904815899","https://openalex.org/W4412704820","https://openalex.org/W7167257879","https://openalex.org/W7133534576","https://openalex.org/W4290867660","https://openalex.org/W2760089755","https://openalex.org/W3104033023","https://openalex.org/W4231444736","https://openalex.org/W2433776242"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"This":[1],"review":[2,32],"set":[3],"out":[4],"to":[5,71,162],"summarise,":[6],"define,":[7],"and":[8,42,46,63,81,87,130,144,153,189],"provide":[9],"future":[10],"direction":[11],"towards":[12],"the":[13,40,55,73,98,102,120,139,184],"use":[14],"of":[15,39,92,158],"performance":[16,77,125,164,185],"outcome":[17],"measures":[18],"as":[19,166,195],"endpoints":[20,167,196],"in":[21,28,113,168,174],"research":[22],"performed":[23,170],"at":[24,171],"international":[25],"benchmark":[26],"events":[27],"athletics.":[29],"METHODS:":[30],"Scoping":[31],"methodology":[33,181],"was":[34,69],"applied":[35],"through":[36],"a":[37,47,114,180,198],"search":[38,100],"PubMed":[41],"Sports":[43],"Discus":[44],"databases":[45],"systematic":[48],"article":[49],"selection":[50],"procedure.":[51],"Articles":[52],"that":[53,182,191],"met":[54,101],"inclusion":[56],"criteria":[57],"underwent":[58],"triage":[59,103],"for":[60,85,105],"further":[61],"quantitative":[62,106],"qualitative":[64,115,140],"analysis.":[65,116],"A":[66],"concept":[67,134],"chart":[68,135],"generated":[70],"describe":[72],"methods":[74,122,161],"by":[75,123],"which":[76,124],"had":[78],"been":[79,127,177],"measured":[80],"introduce":[82],"descriptive":[83],"labels":[84,137,149],"theoretical":[86],"practical":[88],"application.":[89],"RESULTS:":[90],"None":[91],"2972":[93],"articles":[94,110],"primarily":[95],"identified":[96,119],"from":[97,138],"database":[99],"standards":[104],"data":[107],"extraction.":[108],"Eleven":[109],"were":[111],"included":[112],"The":[117,132,156],"analysis":[118,141],"common":[121],"has":[126,176],"measured,":[128],"reported":[129],"analysed.":[131],"resulting":[133],"collates":[136],"(categories,":[142],"themes,":[143],"constructs)":[145],"with":[146],"sports":[147],"practice":[148],"(performance":[150],"metrics,":[151],"framework,":[152],"analysis).":[154],"CONCLUSIONS:":[155],"state":[157],"knowledge":[159],"concerning":[160],"employ":[163],"metrics":[165],"studies":[169],"major":[172],"competitions":[173],"athletics":[175],"summarised.":[178],"Constructing":[179],"combines":[183],"metric":[186],"variables":[187],"(continuous":[188],"ordinal)":[190],"are":[192],"currently":[193],"utilised":[194],"remains":[197],"challenge.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2019-03-22T00:00:00"}