{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2921183200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2011.00849","title":"RELIABILITY OF MEASUREMENTS OF ANOGENITAL DISTANCE AND PENIS WIDTH IN BOYS AND ANOGENITAL DISTANCE IN GIRLS. MOTHER-CHILD COHORT IN CRETE (RHEA STUDY)","display_name":"RELIABILITY OF MEASUREMENTS OF ANOGENITAL DISTANCE AND PENIS WIDTH IN BOYS AND ANOGENITAL DISTANCE IN GIRLS. MOTHER-CHILD COHORT IN CRETE (RHEA STUDY)","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2921183200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2011.00849","mag":"2921183200"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1289/isee.2011.00849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2011.00849","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2011.00849","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195765","display_name":"ISEE Conference Abstracts","issn_l":"1078-0475","issn":["1078-0475","2169-2181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319799","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319799","https://openalex.org/P4310316754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","National Institutes of Health"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISEE Conference Abstracts","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-abstract","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016836178","display_name":"Eleni Papadopoulou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7034-5897","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7034-5897"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170486558","display_name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","ror":"https://ror.org/04n0g0b29","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092159","display_name":"Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ftv8552","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092159"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eleni Papadopoulou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain and University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain and University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170486558","https://openalex.org/I4210092159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074177656","display_name":"Marina Vafeiadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6143-7172","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6143-7172"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170486558","display_name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","ror":"https://ror.org/04n0g0b29","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092159","display_name":"Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ftv8552","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092159"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marina Vafeiadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain and University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain and University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170486558","https://openalex.org/I4210092159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025394086","display_name":"Xavier Basaga\u00f1a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8457-1489","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8457-1489"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092159","display_name":"Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ftv8552","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092159"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xavier Basaga\u00f1a","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112486340","display_name":"Leda Chatzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3319-2438","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3319-2438"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142617266","display_name":"University of Crete","ror":"https://ror.org/00dr28g20","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142617266"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leda Chatzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142617266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111859242","display_name":"Antonis D. Koutis","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142617266","display_name":"University of Crete","ror":"https://ror.org/00dr28g20","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142617266"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonis Koutis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142617266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075679536","display_name":"Martine Vrijheid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7090-1758","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7090-1758"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092159","display_name":"Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ftv8552","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092159"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martine Vrijheid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025023257","display_name":"Manolis Kogevinas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-0461","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9605-0461"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092159","display_name":"Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ftv8552","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092159"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094245","display_name":"National School of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/00mjaaf25","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094245"]}],"countries":["ES","GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manolis Kogevinas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain and National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain and National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092159","https://openalex.org/I4210094245"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2011","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10686","display_name":"Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals","score":0.7592999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10686","display_name":"Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals","score":0.7592999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11956","display_name":"Sexual Differentiation and Disorders","score":0.16660000383853912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":0.023000000044703484,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anogenital-distance","display_name":"anogenital distance","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-reliability","display_name":"measurement reliability","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-examiner-variability","display_name":"inter-examiner variability","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endocrine-disruptors","display_name":"endocrine disruptors","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-weight-ratio","display_name":"body weight ratio","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-year-old-children","display_name":"two-year-old children","score":0.6430000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777668474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146642","display_name":"Anogenital distance","level":5,"score":0.9658446311950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779973185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q497","display_name":"Anus","level":2,"score":0.7254144549369812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776016352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q873072","display_name":"Clitoris","level":2,"score":0.6969508528709412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777786686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58","display_name":"Penis","level":2,"score":0.6231401562690735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779491700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174471","display_name":"Scrotum","level":2,"score":0.5115035772323608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3825241029262543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29694066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301","display_name":"Orthodontics","level":1,"score":0.3535916805267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3422123193740845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.28561511635780334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1579740345478058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201614185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396833","display_name":"In utero","level":4,"score":0.08098936080932617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172680121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26513","display_name":"Fetus","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1289/isee.2011.00849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2011.00849","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2011.00849","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195765","display_name":"ISEE Conference Abstracts","issn_l":"1078-0475","issn":["1078-0475","2169-2181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319799","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319799","https://openalex.org/P4310316754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","National Institutes of Health"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISEE Conference Abstracts","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9476000070571899}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103060641","https://openalex.org/W2769973426","https://openalex.org/W2084400256","https://openalex.org/W2346036068","https://openalex.org/W2035761206","https://openalex.org/W2069296856","https://openalex.org/W2139632967","https://openalex.org/W3037044877","https://openalex.org/W4402348954","https://openalex.org/W2081195455"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"and":[1,18,50,61,101,114,143,155,164,169,177,181,199,206,244,260,274,285],"aims:":[2],"In":[3,158,172],"animal":[4],"studies,":[5],"different":[6],"measurements":[7,47,79,83,273],"of":[8,13,37,44,124,220,264],"anogenital":[9,45,125,224],"distance":[10,46,88,96,116,154,225,272],"are":[11,276,287],"indicators":[12],"in-utero":[14],"exposure":[15],"to":[16,92,99,112,119,138,191,204],"androgens":[17],"chemicals":[19],"with":[20],"anti-androgen":[21],"effect,":[22],"though":[23],"limited":[24],"data":[25],"exist":[26],"for":[27,84,152,195,210,222,238,251],"humans.":[28],"There":[29],"is":[30],"little":[31],"empirical":[32],"evidence":[33],"on":[34],"the":[35,42,68,140,149,217,241,245,267],"reliability":[36,43,150],"these":[38],"measurements.":[39],"We":[40],"estimated":[41],"in":[48,67,107,121],"boys":[49,60],"girls.":[51,122],"Methods:":[52],"The":[53],"study":[54],"included":[55],"thirty":[56],"2-year-old":[57],"children":[58,215],"(13":[59],"17":[62],"girls)":[63],"whose":[64],"mothers":[65],"participated":[66],"Rhea":[69],"study,":[70],"Crete.":[71],"Two":[72],"experienced":[73,283],"examiners":[74,187,284],"performed":[75],"10":[76],"blind":[77],"repeated":[78],"each":[80,85,153],"(total":[81],"730":[82],"examiner).":[86],"Anogenital":[87,271],"(AGD-":[89],"from":[90,189,202],"anus":[91,98,111,118],"upper":[93],"penis),":[94],"anoscrotal":[95],"(ASDfrom":[97],"scrotum)":[100],"penis":[102],"width":[103],"(PW)":[104],"were":[105,131,136,207,216,258],"measured":[106],"boys;":[108],"anoclitoral":[109],"(ACD-from":[110],"clitoris)":[113],"anofourchetal":[115],"(AFD-from":[117],"fourchete)":[120],"Ratios":[123,255],"distances":[126],"divided":[127],"by":[128,256,282,290],"body":[129],"weight":[130,257],"calculated.":[132],"Mixed":[133],"effect":[134],"models":[135],"used":[137],"estimate":[139],"between-children,":[141],"between-":[142,291],"within-examiner":[144],"variance,":[145],"as":[146,148],"well":[147],"coefficient":[151],"ratio.":[156],"Results:":[157],"boys,":[159],"mean":[160,174],"(\u00b1SD)":[161,175],"AGD,":[162,196],"ASD":[163],"PW":[165,211],"was":[166,179,232,248,266],"82(\u00b16)mm,":[167],"44(\u00b17)mm":[168],"13(\u00b11)mm,":[170],"respectively.":[171,183],"girls":[173],"ACD":[176,198],"AFD":[178,200,228],"49(\u00b17)mm":[180],"24(\u00b14)mm,":[182],"Mean":[184],"differences":[185],"between":[186,214,229],"varied":[188],"0":[190],"4mm.":[192],"Reliability":[193],"coefficients":[194],"ASD,":[197],"ranged":[201],"0.89":[203],"0.91":[205],"higher":[208,249],"than":[209,250],"(0.75).":[212],"Differences":[213],"main":[218,262],"source":[219,263],"variation":[221,231,237,265],"all":[223],"measures.":[226],"For":[227],"examiner":[230,247,294],"also":[233],"high":[234],"(22%).":[235],"Measurement":[236],"PW,":[239],"within":[240],"same":[242,246],"child":[243],"other":[252],"measures":[253,279],"(25%).":[254],"stable":[259],"their":[261],"between-children":[268],"variance.":[269],"Conclusions:":[270],"weight-ratios":[275],"highly":[277],"reliable":[278],"if":[280],"conducted":[281],"they":[286],"not":[288],"affected":[289],"or":[292],"within-":[293],"variation.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2019-03-22T00:00:00"}
