{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2920802403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076819833289","title":"James Jurin and the avoidance of bias in collecting and assessing evidence on the effects of variolation","display_name":"James Jurin and the avoidance of bias in collecting and assessing evidence on the effects of variolation","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2920802403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076819833289","mag":"2920802403","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30868926","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6423525"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0141076819833289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076819833289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076819833289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49645005","display_name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine","issn_l":"0141-0768","issn":["0141-0768","1758-1095"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6423525","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028299762","display_name":"Alexander Bird","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6244-1579","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6244-1579"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Bird","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Philosophy, King\u2019s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy, King\u2019s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028299762"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"apc_list":{"value":4400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6712,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95063219,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"112","issue":"3","first_page":"119","last_page":"123"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.49950000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.49950000643730164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12990","display_name":"Medical History and Innovations","score":0.3986999988555908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12324","display_name":"History of Medicine Studies","score":0.04410000145435333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variolation","display_name":"variolation","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-medicine","display_name":"history of medicine","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eighteenth-century-medicine","display_name":"18th-century medicine","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/royal-society","display_name":"Royal Society","score":0.656000018119812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4427150785923004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.411325603723526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.362345814704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3541100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3490448296070099}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003625","descriptor_name":"Data Collection","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005197","descriptor_name":"Famous Persons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007114","descriptor_name":"Immunization","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D036262","descriptor_name":"Empirical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049671","descriptor_name":"History, 18th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0141076819833289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076819833289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076819833289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49645005","display_name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine","issn_l":"0141-0768","issn":["0141-0768","1758-1095"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6423525","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6423525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J R Soc Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:30868926","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30868926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine","raw_type":"Historical Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/28f092ac-d742-494f-82a5-8468c76ae7ab","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85062889136&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Bird, A 2019, 'James Jurin and the avoidance of bias in collecting and assessing evidence on the effects of variolation', Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 119-123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076819833289","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/343182","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/343182","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.17863/cam.90594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.90594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.90594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050737","display_name":"Apollo","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6423525","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6423525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J R Soc Med","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571042674","https://openalex.org/W1677302407","https://openalex.org/W1970929655","https://openalex.org/W2313459850","https://openalex.org/W4232040332","https://openalex.org/W4240641500","https://openalex.org/W4241168647","https://openalex.org/W4298025989"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245705341","https://openalex.org/W190075760","https://openalex.org/W7036287867","https://openalex.org/W2461453028","https://openalex.org/W2023051049","https://openalex.org/W7221961830","https://openalex.org/W1163680662","https://openalex.org/W2589337788","https://openalex.org/W2502827146","https://openalex.org/W2143027396"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"James":[0],"Jurin":[1,69,105,136],"(1684\u20131750)":[2],"was":[3,127,137,155],"an":[4,34],"eighteenth":[5],"century":[6],"physician":[7,144],"and":[8,50,89,212],"polymath":[9],"(Rus-":[10],"nock":[11],"2004).":[12],"As":[13],"a":[14,108,143,197,204],"scholar":[15],"at":[16,62],"Trinity":[17],"College,":[18],"Cambridge,":[19],"he":[20,32,41,78,169],"became":[21,33,159],"acquainted":[22],"with":[23,43,92,114],"the":[24,57,101,125,162],"work":[25,184],"of":[26,30,48,59,94,124,133,148,161,165,203],"Sir":[27],"Issac":[28],"Newton,":[29],"which":[31,129,213],"enthusiastic":[35],"advocate.":[36],"Af-":[37],"ter":[38],"leaving":[39],"Cambridge":[40,73],"travelled":[42],"Mordecai":[44],"Carey,":[45],"later":[46,70],"Bishop":[47,115],"Killala":[49],"Achonry,":[51],"to":[52,72,74,83,195],"continental":[53],"Europe.":[54],"They":[55],"attended":[56],"lectures":[58],"Hermann":[60],"Boerhaave":[61],"Leiden,":[63],"then":[64],"Europe\u2019s":[65,95],"leading":[66],"medical":[67,205],"school.":[68],"returned":[71],"study":[75],"medicine.":[76],"Thereafter":[77],"practised":[79],"medicine":[80],"while":[81],"continuing":[82],"develop":[84],"his":[85,146,183],"interest":[86],"in":[87,107,139,171,181],"science":[88],"mathematics,":[90],"corresponding":[91],"many":[93],"lead-":[96],"ingscientists.1":[97],"ThiswasfacilitatedbyhispositionasSecretaryoftheRoyalSociety":[98],"(1721\u20131727).":[99],"Under":[100],"pseudonym":[102],"\u2018Philalethes":[103],"Cantabrigiensis\u2019":[104],"engaged":[106],"pamphlet":[109],"war":[110],"(the":[111],"\u2018Analyst":[112],"controversy\u2019)":[113],"Berkeley.":[116],"Berkeley":[117],"had":[118,208],"ar-":[119],"gued":[120],"that":[121,192],"Newton\u2019s":[122],"account":[123],"calculus":[126],"incoherent,":[128],"prompted":[130],"Jurin\u2019s":[131,179],"defence":[132],"Newtonian":[134],"mathematics.":[135],"held":[138],"high":[140],"regard":[141],"as":[142],"(though":[145],"treatment":[147],"Robert":[149],"Walpole,":[150],"Britain\u2019s":[151],"first":[152],"prime":[153],"minister,":[154],"contro-":[156],"versial).":[157],"He":[158],"president":[160],"Royal":[163],"College":[164],"Physicians":[166],"shortly":[167],"before":[168],"died":[170],"1750.":[172],"In":[173],"this":[174],"essay":[175],"I":[176],"examine":[177],"how":[178],"work,":[180],"particular":[182],"on":[185],"variolation,":[186],"introduces":[187],"or":[188],"develops":[189],"several":[190],"mechanisms":[191],"allow":[193],"him":[194],"make":[196],"far":[198],"more":[199],"reli-":[200],"able":[201],"assessment":[202],"intervention":[206],"than":[207],"been":[209],"hitherto":[210],"undertaken,":[211],"were":[214],"subsequently":[215],"influential.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2019-03-22T00:00:00"}
