{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2919155368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000017","title":"How Do Immigrants Respond to Discrimination? The Case of Germans in the US During World War I","display_name":"How Do Immigrants Respond to Discrimination? The Case of Germans in the US During World War I","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2919155368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000017","mag":"2919155368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0003055419000017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000017","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/73E94E2B4C8EFB3B5B11B4AEB95DAFEE/S0003055419000017a.pdf/div-class-title-how-do-immigrants-respond-to-discrimination-the-case-of-germans-in-the-us-during-world-war-i-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S176007004","display_name":"American Political Science Review","issn_l":"0003-0554","issn":["0003-0554","1537-5943"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Political Science Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/73E94E2B4C8EFB3B5B11B4AEB95DAFEE/S0003055419000017a.pdf/div-class-title-how-do-immigrants-respond-to-discrimination-the-case-of-germans-in-the-us-during-world-war-i-div.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045475903","display_name":"Vasiliki Fouka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5211-0805","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5211-0805"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"VASILIKI FOUKA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5211-0805","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045475903"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":{"value":2980,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2980},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.1749,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":123,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99472692,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"113","issue":"2","first_page":"405","last_page":"422"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10216","display_name":"Migration, Refugees, and Integration","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10216","display_name":"Migration, Refugees, and Integration","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10349","display_name":"Migration and Labor Dynamics","score":0.006500000134110451,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12970","display_name":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taste-based-discrimination","display_name":"taste discrimination","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigrant-assimilation","display_name":"immigrant assimilation","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-germanism","display_name":"anti-Germanism","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-immigrants","display_name":"German immigrants","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-war-i","display_name":"World War I","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nativism","display_name":"nativism","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/name-change","display_name":"name change","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petition-for-naturalization","display_name":"naturalization petition","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citizenship","display_name":"citizenship","score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violence-against-immigrants","display_name":"violence against immigrants","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting-patterns","display_name":"voting patterns","score":0.3409999907016754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781214261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2729863","display_name":"Hostility","level":2,"score":0.8751513361930847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779392107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841440","display_name":"Naturalization","level":5,"score":0.864742636680603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.727025032043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.7092209458351135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780781376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42138","display_name":"Citizenship","level":3,"score":0.5349909663200378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779692794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166005","display_name":"Xenophobia","level":3,"score":0.5154305696487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4940388798713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75649859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148877","display_name":"Assimilation (phonology)","level":2,"score":0.4586314260959625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.45020830631256104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019119816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856681","display_name":"Illegal immigrants","level":3,"score":0.4477699100971222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4248772859573364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137355542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362","display_name":"World War II","level":2,"score":0.4190850555896759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3140690326690674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.29825538396835327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.17094194889068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.15353107452392578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13310423493385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1226835548877716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200724805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990792","display_name":"Alien","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0003055419000017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000017","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/73E94E2B4C8EFB3B5B11B4AEB95DAFEE/S0003055419000017a.pdf/div-class-title-how-do-immigrants-respond-to-discrimination-the-case-of-germans-in-the-us-during-world-war-i-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S176007004","display_name":"American Political Science Review","issn_l":"0003-0554","issn":["0003-0554","1537-5943"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Political Science Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cup:apsrev:v:113:y:2019:i:02:p:405-422_00","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055419000017/type/journal_article","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:3150875450","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://fsi.stanford.edu/publication/how-do-immigrants-respond-discrimination-case-germans-us-during-world-war-i","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S176007004","display_name":"American Political Science Review","issn_l":"0003-0554","issn":["0003-0554","1537-5943"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"American Political Science Review","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0003055419000017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000017","pdf_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/73E94E2B4C8EFB3B5B11B4AEB95DAFEE/S0003055419000017a.pdf/div-class-title-how-do-immigrants-respond-to-discrimination-the-case-of-germans-in-the-us-during-world-war-i-div.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S176007004","display_name":"American Political Science Review","issn_l":"0003-0554","issn":["0003-0554","1537-5943"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Political Science Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5676000118255615,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5473999977111816,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2919155368.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2919155368.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W421391543","https://openalex.org/W573996494","https://openalex.org/W624447655","https://openalex.org/W626162746","https://openalex.org/W1482058944","https://openalex.org/W1549059388","https://openalex.org/W1556513643","https://openalex.org/W1562936039","https://openalex.org/W1574247520","https://openalex.org/W1579480645","https://openalex.org/W1582840427","https://openalex.org/W1610038618","https://openalex.org/W1648937643","https://openalex.org/W1944958198","https://openalex.org/W1963835707","https://openalex.org/W1980924071","https://openalex.org/W1991418004","https://openalex.org/W1999388699","https://openalex.org/W2005474264","https://openalex.org/W2006712900","https://openalex.org/W2008635093","https://openalex.org/W2008903655","https://openalex.org/W2013892039","https://openalex.org/W2014051858","https://openalex.org/W2025579973","https://openalex.org/W2045863311","https://openalex.org/W2056240697","https://openalex.org/W2062898551","https://openalex.org/W2081527041","https://openalex.org/W2085295324","https://openalex.org/W2086067004","https://openalex.org/W2096419084","https://openalex.org/W2099997785","https://openalex.org/W2111241243","https://openalex.org/W2112677345","https://openalex.org/W2113095718","https://openalex.org/W2117969361","https://openalex.org/W2118511810","https://openalex.org/W2120440585","https://openalex.org/W2130649638","https://openalex.org/W2134511983","https://openalex.org/W2148664669","https://openalex.org/W2152593065","https://openalex.org/W2155485214","https://openalex.org/W2157958275","https://openalex.org/W2161791290","https://openalex.org/W2167121898","https://openalex.org/W2169491191","https://openalex.org/W2189586870","https://openalex.org/W2294763762","https://openalex.org/W2320916292","https://openalex.org/W2344501840","https://openalex.org/W2412786916","https://openalex.org/W2482687121","https://openalex.org/W2548854797","https://openalex.org/W2745671016","https://openalex.org/W2769596846","https://openalex.org/W2783783447","https://openalex.org/W2798144808","https://openalex.org/W2831361466","https://openalex.org/W2902608494","https://openalex.org/W2912353420","https://openalex.org/W2984245539","https://openalex.org/W2997217361","https://openalex.org/W3023010677","https://openalex.org/W3042207258","https://openalex.org/W3082574654","https://openalex.org/W3121469178","https://openalex.org/W3121560335","https://openalex.org/W3122378940","https://openalex.org/W3123223998","https://openalex.org/W3123380700","https://openalex.org/W3123781938","https://openalex.org/W3125450884","https://openalex.org/W3125497960","https://openalex.org/W3126074588","https://openalex.org/W4211113828","https://openalex.org/W4234848578","https://openalex.org/W4238116995","https://openalex.org/W4239208331","https://openalex.org/W4299993088","https://openalex.org/W4302405418","https://openalex.org/W6771922956"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7010301665","https://openalex.org/W4392816774","https://openalex.org/W2765684664","https://openalex.org/W1525331705","https://openalex.org/W2267226257","https://openalex.org/W2902608494","https://openalex.org/W3076678214","https://openalex.org/W3197114941","https://openalex.org/W6922718889","https://openalex.org/W3197623795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"I":[0,41,70],"study":[1],"the":[2,8,51,61,84],"effect":[3],"of":[4,11,63,74,86,119,129],"taste-based":[5],"discrimination":[6,26],"on":[7],"assimilation":[9,20,75,92],"decisions":[10],"immigrant":[12],"minorities.":[13],"Do":[14],"discriminated":[15],"minority":[16],"groups":[17],"increase":[18,90],"their":[19,38,91,96,99],"efforts":[21],"in":[22,37,50,113],"order":[23],"to":[24,46,58,66],"avoid":[25],"and":[27,35,79,98,102,127],"public":[28],"harassment":[29],"or":[30],"do":[31],"they":[32],"become":[33],"alienated":[34],"retreat":[36],"own":[39,97],"communities?":[40],"exploit":[42],"an":[43],"exogenous":[44],"shock":[45],"native":[47,68],"attitudes,":[48],"anti-Germanism":[49],"United":[52],"States":[53],"during":[54],"World":[55],"War":[56],"I,":[57],"empirically":[59],"identify":[60],"reactions":[62],"German":[64],"immigrants":[65],"increased":[67,87],"hostility.":[69],"use":[71],"two":[72],"measures":[73],"efforts:":[76],"naming":[77],"patterns":[78,126],"petitions":[80,105],"for":[81,106],"naturalization.":[82],"In":[83],"face":[85],"discrimination,":[88],"Germans":[89],"investments":[93],"by":[94,124],"Americanizing":[95],"children\u2019s":[100],"names":[101],"filing":[103],"more":[104],"US":[107],"citizenship.":[108],"These":[109],"responses":[110],"are":[111],"stronger":[112],"states":[114],"that":[115],"registered":[116],"higher":[117],"levels":[118],"anti-German":[120],"hostility,":[121],"as":[122],"measured":[123],"voting":[125],"incidents":[128],"violence":[130],"against":[131],"Germans.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-25T09:29:13.331239","created_date":"2019-03-11T00:00:00"}
