{"id":"https://openalex.org/W29184241","doi":null,"title":"Skin carcinogenesis: characteristics, mechanisms, and prevention.","display_name":"Skin carcinogenesis: characteristics, mechanisms, and prevention.","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W29184241","mag":"29184241","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8532708"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:8532708","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8532708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in clinical and biological research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076209858","display_name":"Thomas J. Slaga","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343551460","display_name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04twxam07","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T J Slaga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville 78957, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville 78957, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343551460"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086525008","display_name":"John DiGiovanni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4233-6728","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4233-6728"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J DiGiovanni","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053359193","display_name":"Lloyd D. Winberg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L D Winberg","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027599075","display_name":"Irina V. Budunova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5880-6822","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5880-6822"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I V Budunova","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8239,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70606484,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"391","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10433","display_name":"Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment","score":0.32670000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10433","display_name":"Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment","score":0.32670000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11306","display_name":"Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies","score":0.163100004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11013","display_name":"Skin Protection and Aging","score":0.12890000641345978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-carcinogenesis","display_name":"skin carcinogenesis","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multistep-carcinogenesis","display_name":"multistep carcinogenesis","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-initiation","display_name":"tumor initiation","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-promotion","display_name":"tumor promotion","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-progression","display_name":"tumor progression","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ha-ras-oncogene","display_name":"Ha-ras oncogene","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-kinase-c","display_name":"protein kinase C","score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phosphatase","display_name":"phosphatase","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phorbol-ester","display_name":"phorbol ester","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/okadaic-acid","display_name":"okadaic acid","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-radical-mechanism","display_name":"radical mechanism","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stem-cells","display_name":"stem cells","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperplasia","display_name":"hyperplasia","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucocorticoid-receptor","display_name":"glucocorticoid receptor","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keratinocyte-differentiation","display_name":"keratinocyte differentiation","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/growth-factors","display_name":"growth factors","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intercellular-communication","display_name":"intercellular communication","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/papilloma","display_name":"papilloma","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aneuploidy","display_name":"aneuploidy","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glutathione-s-transferase","display_name":"glutathione S-transferase","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keratin-13","display_name":"keratin 13","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-progression-markers","display_name":"tumor progression markers","score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skin-cancer-prevention","display_name":"skin cancer prevention","score":0.46299999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780122803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7852681","display_name":"Tumor promotion","level":4,"score":0.8328433036804199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555283112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637543","display_name":"Carcinogenesis","level":3,"score":0.747187614440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101762097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224093","display_name":"Promoter","level":4,"score":0.5581875443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776953658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q414042","display_name":"Okadaic acid","level":4,"score":0.5496934652328491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778287671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7852676","display_name":"Tumor initiation","level":4,"score":0.5495431423187256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.461481511592865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.43190449476242065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779256057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16909647","display_name":"Tumor progression","level":3,"score":0.43101319670677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.386926531791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11960822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242736","display_name":"Phosphorylation","level":2,"score":0.3732839822769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.36226609349250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178666793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422476","display_name":"Phosphatase","level":3,"score":0.30930662155151367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.25445470213890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150194340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26972","display_name":"Gene expression","level":3,"score":0.09105992317199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.07635161280632019}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002273","descriptor_name":"Carcinogens","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002294","descriptor_name":"Carcinoma, Squamous Cell","qualifier_ui":"Q000139","qualifier_name":"chemically induced","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004198","descriptor_name":"Disease Susceptibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010212","descriptor_name":"Papilloma","qualifier_ui":"Q000139","qualifier_name":"chemically induced","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000139","qualifier_name":"chemically induced","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016588","descriptor_name":"Anticarcinogenic Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018450","descriptor_name":"Disease Progression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:8532708","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8532708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Progress in clinical and biological research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:29184241","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8532708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6562640969","display_name":"INHIBITION OF TUMOR PROMOTION BY ANTIOXIDANTS","funder_award_id":"5r01ca034521-03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8948401957","display_name":"POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBON METABOLISM AND BINDING IN SKIN","funder_award_id":"5r01ca034962-03","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979655862","https://openalex.org/W1980008992","https://openalex.org/W2412820367","https://openalex.org/W2039249065","https://openalex.org/W2403008925","https://openalex.org/W2471342585","https://openalex.org/W2478584243","https://openalex.org/W2414606561","https://openalex.org/W96218227","https://openalex.org/W2257030131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Skin":[0],"carcinogenesis":[1,31],"can":[2],"be":[3,34,178,251,258,280,311],"operationally":[4],"and":[5,17,22,107,155,207,219,256,271,295,299,306,341,384,398,403],"mechanistically":[6],"divided":[7],"into":[8,362,374,400,405],"at":[9,321],"least":[10],"three":[11],"major":[12,169],"stages":[13],"-":[14],"initiation,":[15],"promotion":[16,41,255],"progression.":[18,317],"Variations":[19],"among":[20],"stocks":[21],"strains":[23],"of":[24,67,75,86,120,130,148,165,171,182,199,225,234,243,268,273,275,284,293,302,304,338,364,377,392],"mice":[25,402],"to":[26,28,33,37,63,79,110,117,133,139,177,202,214,250,279,310,329,336,345],"susceptibility":[27],"multistage":[29],"skin":[30,56,97,173,315,353,376],"appear":[32,109,132,278],"more":[35],"related":[36],"alterations":[38,319],"in":[39,83,142,187,263,352],"tumor":[40,43,69,98,149,174,200,209,254,316,354],"than":[42],"initiation;":[44],"however,":[45],"the":[46,54,58,65,72,93,102,166,168,172,179,183,188,197,223,235,261,287,300,322,375,385,393],"critical":[47],"events":[48],"have":[49,246],"not":[50],"been":[51,248],"determined.":[52],"In":[53,144,343],"mouse":[55],"model":[57],"first":[59],"stage":[60],"is":[61,191,333],"thought":[62],"involve":[64],"interaction":[66],"a":[68,160,192,204,230,327,347,356],"initiator":[70],"with":[71],"genetic":[73],"material":[74],"stem":[76,185],"cells":[77,186,237,277,383,388],"leading":[78,116,138],"an":[80,140],"irreversible":[81],"alteration":[82],"some":[84],"aspect":[85],"growth":[87,232,244],"control":[88],"and/or":[89,238],"differentiation,":[90],"probably":[91],"activating":[92],"Ha-ras":[94],"oncogene.":[95],"Some":[96],"promoters":[99,150,175,201],"such":[100,125,151],"as":[101,126,152],"phorbol":[103],"esters,":[104],"indole":[105],"alkaloids,":[106],"polyacetates,":[108],"act":[111,134,158],"through":[112,135,159],"protein":[113],"kinase":[114],"C":[115],"specific":[118,180],"phosphorylation":[119],"cellular":[121],"proteins":[122],"whereas":[123],"others":[124],"okadaic":[127],"acid":[128],"class":[129],"compounds":[131],"phosphatases":[136],"also":[137],"increase":[141,262],"phosphorylation.":[143],"addition,":[145],"other":[146],"types":[147],"peroxides,":[153],"benzo(e)pyrene,":[154],"chrysarobin":[156],"may":[157,257],"free":[161],"radical":[162],"mechanism.":[163],"Regardless":[164],"type,":[167],"effect":[170],"appears":[176,213],"expansion":[181],"initiated":[184,236,288],"skin.":[189],"There":[190],"very":[193],"good":[194,312],"correlation":[195],"between":[196],"abilities":[198],"induce":[203],"sustained":[205],"hyperplasia":[206],"their":[208],"promoting":[210],"activities.":[211],"This":[212],"occur":[215,320],"by":[216],"both":[217],"direct":[218,231],"indirect":[220,282],"mechanisms":[221,283],"involving":[222],"loss":[224],"glucocorticoid":[226],"receptors,":[227],"differentiation":[228,274],"alterations,":[229],"stimulation":[233,272],"selective":[239],"cytotoxicity.":[240],"A":[241],"number":[242],"factors":[245],"recently":[247],"found":[249,309],"increased":[252],"during":[253],"responsible":[259],"for":[260,314,350],"cell":[264,289,366,394],"proliferation.":[265],"An":[266],"inhibition":[267],"cell-cell":[269],"communication":[270],"non-initiated":[276],"important":[281],"further":[285],"expanding":[286],"population.":[290],"The":[291,380],"appearance":[292],"GGT":[294,351,358,381],"keratin":[296],"13":[297],"(K13)":[298],"lack":[301],"expression":[303],"K1":[305],"K10":[307],"were":[308,396],"markers":[313],"These":[318],"time":[323],"papillomas":[324,371],"change":[325],"from":[326,390],"diploid":[328],"aneuploid":[330],"state":[331],"which":[332,368],"mainly":[334],"due":[335],"trisomies":[337],"chromosome":[339],"6":[340],"7.":[342],"order":[344],"evaluate":[346],"casual":[348],"role":[349],"progression,":[355],"functional":[357],"cDNA":[359],"was":[360],"transfected":[361,387],"two":[363],"our":[365],"lines":[367,395],"normally":[369],"produce":[370],"when":[372],"grafted":[373],"nude":[378,401],"mice.":[379],"positive":[382],"vector":[386],"(controls)":[389],"one":[391],"cloned":[397],"injected":[399],"placed":[404],"transplantation":[406],"chambers.(ABSTRACT":[407],"TRUNCATED":[408],"AT":[409],"400":[410],"WORDS)":[411]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}