{"id":"https://openalex.org/W29173571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4436/jass.89015","title":"Exaptation in human evolution: how to test adaptive vs exaptive evolutionary hypotheses.","display_name":"Exaptation in human evolution: how to test adaptive vs exaptive evolutionary hypotheses.","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W29173571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4436/jass.89015","mag":"29173571","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21757789"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:21757789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4436/jass.89015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21757789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11577/2535857","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113724348","display_name":"Telmo Pievani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-1522","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-1522"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Telmo Pievani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1 20126 Milan, Italy. telmo.pievani@unimib.it"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milan Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1 20126 Milan, Italy. telmo.pievani@unimib.it","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024956019","display_name":"E Serrelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7378-6567","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7378-6567"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emanuele Serrelli","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.5034,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":59,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99314094,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"89","issue":null,"first_page":"9","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.4381999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.4381999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.22010000050067902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.18479999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exaptation","display_name":"exaptation","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-evolution","display_name":"human evolution","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spandrels","display_name":"spandrels","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preadaptation","display_name":"preadaptation","score":0.9440000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72362118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1356572","display_name":"Exaptation","level":2,"score":0.9866019487380981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9354725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286017","display_name":"Operationalization","level":2,"score":0.6380259990692139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196919123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183493","display_name":"Darwinism","level":2,"score":0.6071098446846008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.5617304444313049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5571122169494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4312952756881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.41058939695358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.36120808124542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3424149751663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.18258973956108093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16069144010543823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.11426675319671631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000220","descriptor_name":"Adaptation, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010802","descriptor_name":"Phylogeny","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012641","descriptor_name":"Selection, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015186","descriptor_name":"Hominidae","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:21757789","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4436/jass.89015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21757789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of anthropological sciences = Rivista di antropologia : JASS","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/2535857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4436/jass.89015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11577/2535857","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11577/2535857","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402547","display_name":"Padua Research Archive (University of Padova)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/19392","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4436/jass.89015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10281/19392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:29173571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4436/jass.89015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21757789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/2535857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4436/jass.89015","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11577/2535857","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11577/2535857","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402547","display_name":"Padua Research Archive (University of Padova)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0166hxq48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W29173571.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W29173571.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120689724","https://openalex.org/W611515520","https://openalex.org/W1515814298","https://openalex.org/W1539968307","https://openalex.org/W1891022098","https://openalex.org/W1982475940","https://openalex.org/W1990318088","https://openalex.org/W1993750641","https://openalex.org/W2002103405","https://openalex.org/W2002381452","https://openalex.org/W2004586382","https://openalex.org/W2008569021","https://openalex.org/W2024008652","https://openalex.org/W2065127848","https://openalex.org/W2066261007","https://openalex.org/W2066561593","https://openalex.org/W2072353637","https://openalex.org/W2104347869","https://openalex.org/W2106533942","https://openalex.org/W2112165066","https://openalex.org/W2130367974","https://openalex.org/W2165545766","https://openalex.org/W2210660217","https://openalex.org/W3025802568"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W568247483","https://openalex.org/W2578841592","https://openalex.org/W1995805645","https://openalex.org/W2166625987","https://openalex.org/W2036162231","https://openalex.org/W2106533942","https://openalex.org/W1975425428","https://openalex.org/W3041078699","https://openalex.org/W933891831","https://openalex.org/W2214002718"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Palaeontologists,":[0],"Stephen":[1],"J.":[2],"Gould":[3,43,76],"and":[4,16,65,77,101,104,130,158,168,194,199,212],"Elisabeth":[5],"Vrba,":[6,78],"introduced":[7],"the":[8,12,18,25,51,60,67,116,120,160,172,175,185,192,202],"term":[9,176],"\"ex-aptation\"":[10],"with":[11,41],"aim":[13],"of":[14,27,32,48,62,70,123,134,154,162,171,174,197,204,208],"improving":[15],"enlarging":[17],"scientific":[19],"language":[20],"available":[21],"to":[22,53,140],"researchers":[23,98],"studying":[24],"evolution":[26],"any":[28],"useful":[29],"character,":[30],"instead":[31],"calling":[33],"it":[34],"an":[35,45,87,205],"\"adaptation\"":[36],"by":[37,96],"default,":[38],"coming":[39],"up":[40],"what":[42],"named":[44],"\"extended":[46,206],"taxonomy":[47,207],"fitness\".":[49],"With":[50],"extension":[52],"functional":[54],"co-optations":[55],"from":[56],"non-adaptive":[57],"structures":[58],"(\"spandrels\"),":[59],"notion":[61],"exaptation":[63],"expanded":[64],"revised":[66],"neo-Darwinian":[68],"concept":[69,89,125],"\"pre-adaptation\"":[71],"(which":[72],"was":[73],"misleading,":[74],"for":[75],"suggesting":[79],"foreordination).":[80],"Exaptation":[81,109],"is":[82],"neither":[83],"a":[84,151,166],"\"saltationist\"":[85],"nor":[86],"\"anti-Darwinian\"":[88],"and,":[90],"since":[91],"1982,":[92],"has":[93,110],"been":[94,112],"adopted":[95],"many":[97],"in":[99,106,126,210],"evolutionary":[100,145],"molecular":[102],"biology,":[103],"particularly":[105],"human":[107,181,216],"evolution.":[108,182,217],"also":[111],"contested.":[113],"Objections":[114],"include":[115],"\"non-operationality":[117],"objection\".We":[118],"analyze":[119],"possible":[121],"operationalization":[122],"this":[124,163],"two":[127],"recent":[128],"studies,":[129],"identify":[131],"six":[132],"directions":[133],"empirical":[135],"research,":[136],"which":[137],"are":[138],"necessary":[139],"test":[141],"\"adaptive":[142],"vs.":[143],"exaptive\"":[144],"hypotheses.":[146],"We":[147,183],"then":[148],"comment":[149,200],"on":[150,159,201],"comprehensive":[152],"survey":[153],"literature":[155],"(available":[156],"online),":[157],"basis":[161],"we":[164],"make":[165],"quantitative":[167],"qualitative":[169],"evaluation":[170],"adoption":[173,193],"among":[177],"scientists":[178],"who":[179],"study":[180],"discuss":[184],"epistemic":[186],"conditions":[187],"that":[188],"may":[189],"have":[190],"influenced":[191],"appropriate":[195],"use":[196],"exaptation,":[198],"benefits":[203],"fitness\"":[209],"present":[211],"future":[213],"studies":[214],"concerning":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}