{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2916217841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc3010016","title":"Global Solutions vs. Local Solutions for the AI Safety Problem","display_name":"Global Solutions vs. Local Solutions for the AI Safety Problem","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2916217841","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc3010016","mag":"2916217841"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc3010016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc3010016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc3010016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/3/1/16/pdf?version=1550650251","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/3/1/16/pdf?version=1550650251","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082201502","display_name":"Alexey Turchin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4922-0074","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4922-0074"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alexey Turchin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science for Life Extension Foundation, Prospect Mira 124-15, Moscow 129164, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4922-0074","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science for Life Extension Foundation, Prospect Mira 124-15, Moscow 129164, Russia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076268002","display_name":"David Denkenberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6773-6405","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6773-6405"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141472210","display_name":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","ror":"https://ror.org/01j7nq853","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141472210"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405254763","display_name":"Alliance to Feed the Earth in Disasters","ror":"https://ror.org/0274ppf08","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405254763"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Denkenberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alliance to Feed the Earth in Disasters (ALLFED), University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alliance to Feed the Earth in Disasters (ALLFED), University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141472210","https://openalex.org/I4405254763"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103272348","display_name":"Brian Patrick Green","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7125-3086","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7125-3086"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16269868","display_name":"Santa Clara University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypqe447","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Patrick Green","raw_affiliation_strings":["Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082201502"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1013},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1013},"fwci":3.0583,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9187858,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"1","first_page":"16","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14381","display_name":"Psychiatry, Mental Health, Neuroscience","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-safety","display_name":"AI safety","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-general-intelligence","display_name":"artificial general intelligence","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-solutions","display_name":"global solutions","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-solutions","display_name":"local solutions","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superintelligent-ai","display_name":"superintelligent AI","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-alignment","display_name":"AI alignment","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-ai-teaming","display_name":"human-AI teaming","score":0.75}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5539461970329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5280283689498901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.4451092779636383}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc3010016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc3010016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc3010016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/3/1/16/pdf?version=1550650251","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/TURCOT-6","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/TURCOT-6","pdf_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/TURCOT-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4d59ee072fb04b4e8a1b851c78d75914","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4d59ee072fb04b4e8a1b851c78d75914","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing, Vol 3, Iss 1, p 16 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/TURCOT-6","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/TURCOT-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/bdcc3010016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc3010016","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc3010016","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/3/1/16/pdf?version=1550650251","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210238752","display_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","issn_l":"2504-2289","issn":["2504-2289"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Big Data and Cognitive Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2916217841.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2916217841.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W117757845","https://openalex.org/W1012910110","https://openalex.org/W1812041023","https://openalex.org/W1950677891","https://openalex.org/W1987839894","https://openalex.org/W1991449244","https://openalex.org/W2022546212","https://openalex.org/W2050361934","https://openalex.org/W2055864907","https://openalex.org/W2087500612","https://openalex.org/W2090371520","https://openalex.org/W2111073070","https://openalex.org/W2131083277","https://openalex.org/W2142984058","https://openalex.org/W2143842190","https://openalex.org/W2159794617","https://openalex.org/W2189232608","https://openalex.org/W2509743786","https://openalex.org/W2586546877","https://openalex.org/W2782508819","https://openalex.org/W2789155035","https://openalex.org/W2796156838","https://openalex.org/W2799289636","https://openalex.org/W2902050080","https://openalex.org/W2950564220","https://openalex.org/W3123136996","https://openalex.org/W3144014062","https://openalex.org/W3176249537","https://openalex.org/W4253680868","https://openalex.org/W6634711830","https://openalex.org/W6658666898"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4214710873","https://openalex.org/W4409416984","https://openalex.org/W7155518359","https://openalex.org/W7134166381","https://openalex.org/W4405528789","https://openalex.org/W7120178923","https://openalex.org/W4413081720","https://openalex.org/W2157925625","https://openalex.org/W7214825164","https://openalex.org/W3040515094"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"are":[1,18,49,149],"two":[2],"types":[3],"of":[4,41,62,72,110,115,153,174,179,191,221,229,253,272],"artificial":[5],"general":[6],"intelligence":[7],"(AGI)":[8],"safety":[9,196],"solutions:":[10],"global":[11,64,164,183,211],"and":[12,133,161,198,217],"local.":[13],"Most":[14],"previously":[15],"suggested":[16,63,247],"solutions":[17,48,65,77,165],"local:":[19],"they":[20,128],"explain":[21,35],"how":[22,36],"to":[23,37,106,188,201,209],"align":[24],"or":[25,91,151,213,241],"\u201cbox\u201d":[26],"a":[27,120,131,210,242],"specific":[28],"AI":[29,43,54,103,118,138,167,175,185,195,244,273],"(Artificial":[30],"Intelligence),":[31],"but":[32,259],"do":[33],"not":[34,58],"prevent":[38,107,135,189],"the":[39,70,100,108,142,172,222,230,260,270],"creation":[40,109,190],"dangerous":[42,192],"in":[44,232],"other":[45],"places.":[46],"Global":[47,76],"those":[50],"that":[51],"ensure":[52],"any":[53,111,136],"on":[55,264],"Earth":[56],"is":[57,66,89,94,104,122],"dangerous.":[59],"The":[60,219],"number":[61,71,173],"much":[67],"smaller":[68],"than":[69],"proposed":[73],"local":[74,206,224,257],"solutions.":[75],"can":[78,134],"be":[79,236,251],"divided":[80],"into":[81],"four":[82],"groups:":[83],"1.":[84],"No":[85],"AI:":[86,99,147],"AGI":[87],"technology":[88],"banned":[90],"its":[92],"use":[93],"otherwise":[95],"prevented;":[96],"2.":[97],"One":[98],"first":[101],"superintelligent":[102,243],"used":[105],"others;":[112],"3.":[113],"Net":[114],"AIs":[116],"as":[117,130,246,269],"police:":[119],"balance":[121],"created":[123],"between":[124],"many":[125,157],"AIs,":[126],"so":[127],"evolve":[129],"net":[132],"rogue":[137],"from":[139],"taking":[140],"over":[141],"world;":[143],"4.":[144],"Humans":[145],"inside":[146],"humans":[148],"augmented":[150],"part":[152],"AI.":[154,203],"We":[155],"explore":[156],"ideas,":[158],"both":[159],"old":[160],"new,":[162],"regarding":[163],"for":[166],"safety.":[168],"They":[169],"include":[170,227],"changing":[171],"teams,":[176],"different":[177],"forms":[178],"\u201cAI":[180],"Nanny\u201d":[181],"(non-self-improving":[182],"control":[184],"system":[186],"able":[187],"AIs),":[193],"selling":[194],"solutions,":[197,258],"sending":[199],"messages":[200],"future":[202],"Not":[204],"every":[205],"solution":[207,212,225],"scales":[208],"does":[214],"it":[215,234],"ethically":[216,255],"safely.":[218],"choice":[220,262],"best":[223],"should":[226],"understanding":[228],"ways":[231],"which":[233],"will":[235],"scaled":[237],"up.":[238],"Human-AI":[239],"teams":[240],"Service":[245],"by":[248],"Drexler":[249],"may":[250],"examples":[252],"such":[254,268],"scalable":[256],"final":[261],"depends":[263],"some":[265],"unknown":[266],"variables":[267],"speed":[271],"progress.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2019-03-02T00:00:00"}
