{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2913613828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.06349","title":"Learning to Infer Program Sketches","display_name":"Learning to Infer Program Sketches","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2913613828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.06349","mag":"2913613828"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1902.06349","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.06349","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.06349","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.06349","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112464301","display_name":"Maxwell Nye","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nye, Maxwell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045843874","display_name":"Luke Hewitt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8278-7692","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8278-7692"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hewitt, Luke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071093940","display_name":"Joshua B. Tenenbaum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-2035","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-2035","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-163X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tenenbaum, Joshua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010786661","display_name":"Armando Solar-Lezama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7604-8252","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7604-8252"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Solar-Lezama, Armando","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4861","last_page":"4870"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.4867999851703644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.4867999851703644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.1881999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.10490000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-synthesis","display_name":"program synthesis","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"unsupervised learning","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"pattern recognition","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-search","display_name":"symbolic search","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermediate-representation","display_name":"intermediate representation","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"code generation","score":0.3070000112056732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8806037306785583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30038468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4354775","display_name":"Memorization","level":2,"score":0.6453763842582703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776937632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117718","display_name":"Program synthesis","level":2,"score":0.6336299180984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5642712712287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5262410044670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5151346921920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.511408269405365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4979212284088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4726136028766632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61714564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661185","display_name":"Symbolic programming","level":4,"score":0.4675140976905823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.46621257066726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.45237717032432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39188152551651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.35885605216026306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.3047932982444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50033165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15712089","display_name":"Inductive programming","level":3,"score":0.3003358244895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1902.06349","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.06349","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.06349","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2950006889","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.06349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1902.06349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.06349","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.06349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"mag:2913613828","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://proceedings.mlr.press/v97/nye19a/nye19a.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306419644","display_name":"International Conference on Machine Learning","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Conference on Machine Learning","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1902.06349","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1902.06349","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.06349","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2620845889","https://openalex.org/W136425508","https://openalex.org/W2971291256","https://openalex.org/W7024537684","https://openalex.org/W3045764482","https://openalex.org/W3169733213","https://openalex.org/W2604536810","https://openalex.org/W3174357804","https://openalex.org/W2166349741","https://openalex.org/W2805663959"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Our":[0,64,93],"goal":[1],"is":[2,33],"to":[3,47,76,82,89],"build":[4],"systems":[5],"which":[6],"write":[7],"code":[8],"automatically":[9],"from":[10],"the":[11,96],"kinds":[12],"of":[13,30,38,62,101,115],"specifications":[14],"humans":[15],"can":[16,44],"most":[17],"easily":[18],"provide,":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21],"examples":[22],"and":[23,41,68,87,98,104,108],"natural":[24],"language":[25],"instruction.":[26],"The":[27],"key":[28],"idea":[29],"this":[31],"work":[32],"that":[34],"a":[35,55,72,113],"flexible":[36],"combination":[37],"pattern":[39,85],"recognition":[40,86],"explicit":[42],"reasoning":[43],"be":[45],"used":[46],"solve":[48],"these":[49,60],"complex":[50],"programming":[51,119],"problems.":[52,120],"We":[53],"propose":[54],"method":[56],"for":[57],"dynamically":[58],"integrating":[59],"types":[61],"information.":[63],"novel":[65],"intermediate":[66],"representation":[67],"training":[69],"algorithm":[70],"allow":[71],"program":[73],"synthesis":[74,103],"system":[75],"learn,":[77],"without":[78],"direct":[79],"supervision,":[80],"when":[81,88],"rely":[83],"on":[84,112],"perform":[90],"symbolic":[91,105],"search.":[92],"model":[94],"matches":[95],"memorization":[97],"generalization":[99],"performance":[100,111],"neural":[102],"search,":[106],"respectively,":[107],"achieves":[109],"state-of-the-art":[110],"dataset":[114],"simple":[116],"English":[117],"description-to-code":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2019-02-21T00:00:00"}