{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2913347375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ted.2019.2894273","title":"Performance Impacts of Analog ReRAM Non-ideality on Neuromorphic Computing","display_name":"Performance Impacts of Analog ReRAM Non-ideality on Neuromorphic Computing","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2913347375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ted.2019.2894273","mag":"2913347375"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ted.2019.2894273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ted.2019.2894273","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ted.2019.2894273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S162355128","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices","issn_l":"0018-9383","issn":["0018-9383","1557-9646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060174339","display_name":"Yu\u2010Hsuan Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8352-3584","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8352-3584"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092191","display_name":"Macronix International (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bggjn73","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Hsuan Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Institute of Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8352-3584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Institute of Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077394728","display_name":"Chao\u2010Hung Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5468-4354","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5468-4354"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092191","display_name":"Macronix International (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bggjn73","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao-Hung Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000296906","display_name":"Ming-Hsiu Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4701-6347","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4701-6347"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092191","display_name":"Macronix International (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bggjn73","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Hsiu Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062971609","display_name":"Dai-Ying Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092191","display_name":"Macronix International (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bggjn73","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dai-Ying Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103058595","display_name":"Yu\u2010Yu Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9833-580X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9833-580X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092191","display_name":"Macronix International (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bggjn73","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Yu Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Institute of Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Institute of Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105473372","display_name":"Feng-Ming Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8898-0642","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8898-0642"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092191","display_name":"Macronix International (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bggjn73","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng-Min Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108589102","display_name":"Hsiang-Lan Lung","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092191","display_name":"Macronix International (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bggjn73","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsiang-Lan Lung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028102750","display_name":"Keh-Chung Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092191","display_name":"Macronix International (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bggjn73","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keh-Chung Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081838658","display_name":"Tseung\u2010Yuen Tseng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-5289","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-5289"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148366613","display_name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","ror":"https://ror.org/00se2k293","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tseung-Yuen Tseng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Institute of Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-5289","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Institute of Electronics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148366613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024808324","display_name":"Chih-Yuan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8951-2509","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8951-2509"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092191","display_name":"Macronix International (Taiwan)","ror":"https://ror.org/01bggjn73","country_code":"TW","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Yuan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emerging Central Laboratory, Macronix International Co., Ltd., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4313,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93358516,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"3","first_page":"1289","last_page":"1295"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"resistive random access memory","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-computing","display_name":"neuromorphic computing","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-von-neumann-architecture","display_name":"non-von Neumann architecture","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-errors","display_name":"coding errors","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retention","display_name":"retention","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conductance-drift","display_name":"conductance drift","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference-accuracy","display_name":"inference accuracy","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-compensation","display_name":"error compensation","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-neural-networks","display_name":"multilayer neural networks","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-volatile-memory","display_name":"non-volatile memory","score":0.8659999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.9838122725486755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.879492998123169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.717181921005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.7052147388458252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6935394406318665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80469333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189088","display_name":"Von Neumann architecture","level":2,"score":0.6308654546737671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150072547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212923","display_name":"Memristor","level":2,"score":0.5974884033203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121932024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159376","display_name":"Conductance","level":2,"score":0.43866685032844543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4121084213256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3597177267074585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15890386700630188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13437825441360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.131061851978302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11373788118362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ted.2019.2894273","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ted.2019.2894273","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ted.2019.2894273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S162355128","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices","issn_l":"0018-9383","issn":["0018-9383","1557-9646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571862906","https://openalex.org/W1573873562","https://openalex.org/W1937359183","https://openalex.org/W1942251340","https://openalex.org/W1981943579","https://openalex.org/W1983964264","https://openalex.org/W2035494214","https://openalex.org/W2086322904","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2262377599","https://openalex.org/W2288365131","https://openalex.org/W2399958287","https://openalex.org/W2524492194","https://openalex.org/W2524585946","https://openalex.org/W2560615381","https://openalex.org/W2585407525","https://openalex.org/W2739592010","https://openalex.org/W2773823047","https://openalex.org/W2785635065","https://openalex.org/W2785988257","https://openalex.org/W2786366611","https://openalex.org/W2786533381","https://openalex.org/W2786630036","https://openalex.org/W2787336703","https://openalex.org/W2789483218","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W6696023903","https://openalex.org/W6727455550","https://openalex.org/W6748918843"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4294690769","https://openalex.org/W4205937980","https://openalex.org/W2785635065","https://openalex.org/W2946234060","https://openalex.org/W3010570341","https://openalex.org/W3005999220","https://openalex.org/W3033300315","https://openalex.org/W2772823933","https://openalex.org/W2946147601","https://openalex.org/W2771957067"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Resistive":[0],"random":[1],"access":[2],"memory":[3,27,49,89],"(ReRAM)":[4],"is":[5,94,107,127],"often":[6],"considered":[7],"as":[8],"a":[9,56],"strong":[10],"candidate":[11],"for":[12,96,109,141,189],"storing":[13],"the":[14,38,42,66,70,85,98,102,121,136,148,155,169],"weights":[15],"in":[16,69,129,147],"non-von":[17],"Neumann":[18],"neuromorphic":[19,122],"computing":[20],"systems.":[21],"This":[22,61],"paper":[23,62,131,177],"studies":[24],"how":[25],"nonideal":[26],"characteristics,":[28],"which":[29,132,162],"include":[30],"programing":[31,105],"error,":[32],"read":[33],"fluctuation,":[34],"and":[35,139,166,173],"retention,":[36],"affect":[37],"inference":[39,111,137,156],"accuracy":[40,157],"of":[41,76,88,104,175,186],"analog":[43],"ReRAM":[44,54],"neural":[45,59,191],"networks":[46],"by":[47,158],"incorporating":[48],"characteristics":[50],"extracted":[51],"from":[52],"1-Mb":[53],"into":[55],"simulated":[57],"inference-only":[58],"network.":[60],"also":[63,179],"shows":[64],"that":[65],"different":[67,74],"layer":[68],"network":[71],"can":[72,117,133,151,178],"tolerate":[73],"amount":[75],"such":[77],"imperfects.":[78],"We":[79],"learned":[80],"four":[81],"key":[82],"points:":[83],"1)":[84],"conductance":[86,115],"range":[87],"with":[90],"less":[91],"relative":[92],"fluctuation":[93],"preferred":[95],"designing":[97],"weight-conductance":[99],"mapping;":[100],"2)":[101],"control":[103],"error":[106,161],"essential":[108],"high":[110],"accuracy;":[112,138],"3)":[113],"retention-induced":[114],"drift":[116],"be":[118,180],"fatal":[119],"to":[120,153,182],"system.":[123],"A":[124],"compensation":[125],"scheme":[126],"proposed":[128],"this":[130,176],"effectively":[134],"recover":[135],"4)":[140],"multilayer":[142],"networks,":[143],"avoiding":[144],"weight":[145],"errors":[146],"front":[149],"layers":[150],"help":[152],"maintain":[154],"reducing":[159],"calculation":[160],"may":[163],"otherwise":[164],"accumulate":[165],"pass":[167],"down":[168],"networks.":[170,192],"The":[171],"concepts":[172],"approaches":[174],"applied":[181],"evaluate":[183],"other":[184],"types":[185],"nonvolatile":[187],"memories":[188],"artificial":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2019-02-21T00:00:00"}