{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2912898092","doi":null,"title":"Arithmetic, computer","display_name":"Arithmetic, computer","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2912898092","mag":"2912898092"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2912898092","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1074100.1074136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306509340","display_name":"Encyclopedia of Computer Science","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Encyclopedia of Computer Science","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"reference-entry","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Thomas J. Scott","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas J. Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"81","last_page":"89"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12797","display_name":"History of Computing Technologies","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-arithmetic","display_name":"computer arithmetic","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-point-arithmetic","display_name":"floating-point arithmetic","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/number-representation","display_name":"number representation","score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numerical-computation","display_name":"numerical computation","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-precision","display_name":"machine precision","score":0.37299999594688416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.7547051310539246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6515300273895264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5965940356254578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134400042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2372244","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","level":2,"score":0.5496717691421509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.46473240852355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83581934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527381","display_name":"Arbitrary-precision arithmetic","level":2,"score":0.4456016421318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.37019917368888855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24277761578559875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.21250993013381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17729642987251282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1561928391456604}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2912898092","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1074100.1074136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306509340","display_name":"Encyclopedia of Computer Science","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Encyclopedia of Computer Science","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79741665","https://openalex.org/W1500138203","https://openalex.org/W1836138758","https://openalex.org/W2027446194","https://openalex.org/W2035428272","https://openalex.org/W2053100018","https://openalex.org/W2128700810","https://openalex.org/W2169004268"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4408695557","https://openalex.org/W4392705344","https://openalex.org/W2498241439","https://openalex.org/W7118016072","https://openalex.org/W2107392989","https://openalex.org/W4405104967","https://openalex.org/W2504031457","https://openalex.org/W10630579","https://openalex.org/W2799244404","https://openalex.org/W3118357901"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"earliest":[1],"electronic":[2],"computers":[3,46],"were":[4],"developed":[5],"in":[6,42],"the":[7],"1940s":[8],"to":[9],"provide":[10],"arithmetic":[11,51,55],"engines":[12],"capable":[13],"of":[14,18,21,39],"solving":[15],"a":[16],"variety":[17],"problems,":[19,33],"many":[20],"them":[22],"military.":[23],"Computers,":[24],"as":[25],"general":[26],"symbol":[27],"manipulators,":[28],"now":[29],"solve":[30],"other":[31],"intriguing":[32],"but":[34],"numerical":[35],"calculations":[36],"are":[37,61],"still":[38],"vital":[40],"importance":[41],"computer":[43,54],"applications.":[44],"How":[45],"store":[47],"numbers":[48],"and":[49,52],"perform":[50],"how":[53],"differs":[56],"from":[57],"ordinary":[58],"hand":[59],"computation":[60],"topics":[62],"that":[63],"should":[64],"be":[65],"understood":[66],"by":[67],"everyone":[68],"who":[69],"uses":[70],"computers.":[71]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2019-02-21T00:00:00"}