{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2911273753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519827394","title":"The Relationship between a Country\u2019s Level of Tourism and Environmental Performance","display_name":"The Relationship between a Country\u2019s Level of Tourism and Environmental Performance","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2911273753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519827394","mag":"2911273753"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0047287519827394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519827394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519827394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157485431","display_name":"Journal of Travel Research","issn_l":"0047-2875","issn":["0047-2875","1552-6763"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","fnege-4","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Travel Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004184465","display_name":"David C. Bojanic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2400-0625","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2400-0625","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8650-4223"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David C. Bojanic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Marketing, College of Business, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Marketing, College of Business, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044915905","display_name":"Rodney B. Warnick","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rodney B. Warnick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, School of Management, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management, School of Management, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004184465"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.8095,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97156031,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"2","first_page":"220","last_page":"230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10055","display_name":"Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tourism","display_name":"tourism","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas-emissions","display_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-performance","display_name":"environmental performance","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tourism-intensity","display_name":"tourism intensity","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tourist-arrivals","display_name":"tourist arrivals","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tourism-and-the-environment","display_name":"tourism and environment","score":0.48899999260902405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.8713629245758057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18918823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49389","display_name":"Tourism","level":2,"score":0.8636860847473145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776050585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7439360","display_name":"Scrutiny","level":2,"score":0.6871687173843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.5709465742111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5354037284851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6422946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857354","display_name":"Panel data","level":2,"score":0.48348385095596313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2998690605163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13922566175460815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08841213583946228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0047287519827394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519827394","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519827394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157485431","display_name":"Journal of Travel Research","issn_l":"0047-2875","issn":["0047-2875","1552-6763"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-2","fnege-4","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Travel Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.9786999821662903}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W339731589","https://openalex.org/W1264669791","https://openalex.org/W1594003229","https://openalex.org/W1640901079","https://openalex.org/W1671990570","https://openalex.org/W1968161649","https://openalex.org/W1969154265","https://openalex.org/W1977052199","https://openalex.org/W1984327831","https://openalex.org/W1984402735","https://openalex.org/W1984408003","https://openalex.org/W1998674005","https://openalex.org/W1999059955","https://openalex.org/W2005618233","https://openalex.org/W2025266325","https://openalex.org/W2041304372","https://openalex.org/W2043567388","https://openalex.org/W2044973706","https://openalex.org/W2045112522","https://openalex.org/W2046834306","https://openalex.org/W2048525901","https://openalex.org/W2050975815","https://openalex.org/W2057233992","https://openalex.org/W2062088700","https://openalex.org/W2066082545","https://openalex.org/W2067502046","https://openalex.org/W2067732338","https://openalex.org/W2070830981","https://openalex.org/W2078843124","https://openalex.org/W2106599013","https://openalex.org/W2127174743","https://openalex.org/W2136379614","https://openalex.org/W2136414807","https://openalex.org/W2140627696","https://openalex.org/W2152762655","https://openalex.org/W2165258989","https://openalex.org/W2178970119","https://openalex.org/W2289938132","https://openalex.org/W2291324714","https://openalex.org/W2341644211","https://openalex.org/W2436495085","https://openalex.org/W2522288330","https://openalex.org/W2552333258","https://openalex.org/W2555616870","https://openalex.org/W2606923037","https://openalex.org/W2755210471","https://openalex.org/W2772376365","https://openalex.org/W2800740268","https://openalex.org/W4205383247","https://openalex.org/W4243838916","https://openalex.org/W4252867934","https://openalex.org/W4255326465","https://openalex.org/W4302785603","https://openalex.org/W4399407564"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4410347963","https://openalex.org/W7223274244","https://openalex.org/W7167698978","https://openalex.org/W7133121546","https://openalex.org/W4223648568","https://openalex.org/W4200464099","https://openalex.org/W3202675500","https://openalex.org/W344942049","https://openalex.org/W4294031666","https://openalex.org/W7053130607"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,45,75],"tourism":[1,22,38,59,82,100,108,113],"industry":[2],"has":[3,39],"come":[4],"under":[5],"scrutiny":[6],"as":[7,101],"a":[8,64,102],"human":[9],"activity":[10],"that":[11,78,93,95],"contributes":[12,24],"to":[13,25,32,51,73],"the":[14,35,53,56,79],"increase":[15],"in":[16],"greenhouse":[17],"gas":[18],"(GHG)":[19],"emissions.":[20,89],"While":[21],"certainly":[23],"GHG":[26,61,88,120],"emissions,":[27],"it":[28],"would":[29],"be":[30],"interesting":[31],"know":[33],"if":[34],"level":[36,57,66,80],"of":[37,47,55,58,81,104,119],"an":[40,85],"effect":[41],"on":[42,60,63,87,99],"environmental":[43,124],"performance.":[44,125],"purpose":[46],"this":[48],"paper":[49],"is":[50,91],"examine":[52],"impact":[54,86],"emissions":[62,121],"global":[65],"using":[67],"WDI":[68],"panel":[69],"data":[70],"from":[71],"1995":[72],"2016.":[74],"findings":[76],"indicate":[77],"does":[83],"have":[84,106,111,116],"There":[90],"evidence":[92],"countries":[94],"rely":[96],"more":[97,107],"heavily":[98],"percentage":[103],"GDP,":[105],"arrivals,":[109],"and":[110,122],"higher":[112],"density":[114],"actually":[115],"lower":[117],"amounts":[118],"better":[123]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-26T11:51:55.731654","created_date":"2019-02-21T00:00:00"}