{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2909808705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2016.4123","title":"Effect of Blood Lead Concentration on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Korean Children: A Mendelian Randomization Study","display_name":"Effect of Blood Lead Concentration on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Korean Children: A Mendelian Randomization Study","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2909808705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2016.4123","mag":"2909808705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1289/isee.2016.4123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2016.4123","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2016.4123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195765","display_name":"ISEE Conference Abstracts","issn_l":"1078-0475","issn":["1078-0475","2169-2181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319799","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319799","https://openalex.org/P4310316754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","National Institutes of Health"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISEE Conference Abstracts","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-abstract","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108697593","display_name":"Hyungryul Lim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyungryul Lim*","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dankook University College of Medicine, Korea,  E-mail Address: [email\u00a0protected]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dankook University College of Medicine, Korea,  E-mail Address: [email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047085099","display_name":"Jong Hyuk Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0951-4051","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0951-4051"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jong Hyuk Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dankook University College of Medicine, Korea,  E-mail Address: [email\u00a0protected]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dankook University College of Medicine, Korea,  E-mail Address: [email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047399851","display_name":"Ho\u2010Jang Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3029-5674","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3029-5674"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ho-jang Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dankook University College of Medicine, Korea,  E-mail Address: [email\u00a0protected]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dankook University College of Medicine, Korea,  E-mail Address: [email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014261191","display_name":"Mina Ha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1011-9446","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1011-9446"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mina Ha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dankook University College of Medicine, Korea,  E-mail Address: [email\u00a0protected]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dankook University College of Medicine, Korea,  E-mail Address: [email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102825010","display_name":"Ji-Ae Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-2446","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0623-2446"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji-ae Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dankook University College of Medicine, Korea,  E-mail Address: [email\u00a0protected]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dankook University College of Medicine, Korea,  E-mail Address: [email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058894510","display_name":"Myung Ho Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5370-4376","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5370-4376"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I89015989","display_name":"Dankook University","ror":"https://ror.org/058pdbn81","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myung Ho Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dankook University College of Public Services, Korea,  E-mail Address: [email\u00a0protected]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dankook University College of Public Services, Korea,  E-mail Address: [email\u00a0protected]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I89015989"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2016","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10790","display_name":"Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10790","display_name":"Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity","score":0.9624000191688538,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":0.027499999850988388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder","display_name":"attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead-exposure","display_name":"lead exposure","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-lead-levels","display_name":"blood lead levels","score":0.9620000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperactivity","display_name":"hyperactivity","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inattention","display_name":"inattention","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-susceptibility","display_name":"genetic susceptibility","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-nucleotide-polymorphisms","display_name":"single nucleotide polymorphisms","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aminolevulinic-acid-dehydratase","display_name":"ALAD","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mtf-1","display_name":"MTF-1","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dbh","display_name":"DBH","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snap-25","display_name":"SNAP-25","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-relationship","display_name":"causal relationship","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children","display_name":"children","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/korean-children","display_name":"Korean children","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adhd-subtypes","display_name":"ADHD subtypes","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-exposure","display_name":"environmental exposure","score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adhd-rating-scale","display_name":"ADHD Rating Scale","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrumental-variables","display_name":"instrumental variables","score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-confounding","display_name":"residual confounding","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-causality","display_name":"reverse causality","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability","display_name":"generalizability","score":0.41600000858306885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779901538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6816584","display_name":"Mendelian randomization","level":5,"score":0.9044524431228638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780783007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181923","display_name":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","level":2,"score":0.7419213056564331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.6167739629745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153209595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q501128","display_name":"Single-nucleotide polymorphism","level":4,"score":0.5515470504760742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.45472681522369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.42980748414993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.3256395161151886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32490837574005127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2332458794116974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.22424882650375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.20293468236923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1600939929485321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.08878174424171448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993967602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532932","display_name":"Genetic variants","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1289/isee.2016.4123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2016.4123","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/isee.2016.4123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195765","display_name":"ISEE Conference Abstracts","issn_l":"1078-0475","issn":["1078-0475","2169-2181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319799","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319799","https://openalex.org/P4310316754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","National Institutes of Health"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISEE Conference Abstracts","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2263639229","https://openalex.org/W2322597220","https://openalex.org/W1988129368","https://openalex.org/W2523278697","https://openalex.org/W2997533878","https://openalex.org/W1982815706","https://openalex.org/W2742575916","https://openalex.org/W2914877710","https://openalex.org/W4401610632","https://openalex.org/W7096978225"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Several":[1],"observational":[2],"studies":[3],"have":[4],"shown":[5],"that":[6],"Attention":[7],"Deficit":[8],"Hyperactivity":[9],"Disorder":[10],"(ADHD)":[11],"in":[12,43,123,145,245],"children":[13,44,70],"is":[14,282],"associated":[15,287],"with":[16,147,207,288],"their":[17],"lead":[18,39,269,289],"exposure,":[19],"but":[20],"residual":[21],"confounding":[22],"and":[23,61,100,129],"reversal":[24],"causation":[25],"can":[26],"be":[27,286,295],"possible":[28,35],"explanations.":[29],"In":[30,86,239],"order":[31],"to":[32,131,285,297],"assess":[33],"a":[34,47,179,203,251],"causal":[36,266],"association":[37,146,206,253],"of":[38,71,88,95,108,125,142,164,268,279,300],"exposure":[40,270],"on":[41,138,271,302],"ADHD":[42,89,96,102,197,208,241,272],"we":[45,91,119,247],"used":[46,92,177],"Mendelian":[48,180],"randomization":[49,181],"method.":[50],"Methods:":[51],"Our":[52],"study":[53],"participants":[54],"were":[55,75,176,186,199],"recruited":[56],"from":[57],"the":[58,72,105,109,139,298],"Children\u2019s":[59],"Health":[60],"Environmental":[62],"Research":[63],"(CHEER)":[64],"study,":[65,73],"2005-2010.":[66],"Of":[67,115,192],"about":[68],"7,000":[69],"1828":[74,193],"undertaken":[76],"genetic":[77,159,274],"tests":[78],"for":[79,133,154,178],"192":[80,116],"candidate":[81],"single":[82],"nucleotide":[83],"polymorphisms":[84],"(SNPs).":[85],"terms":[87],"measures,":[90],"Korean":[93],"version":[94],"Rating":[97],"Scale":[98],"(ARS)":[99],"determined":[101],"case":[103,242],"if":[104],"sum":[106],"score":[107,152,211],"scale":[110],"was":[111],"19":[112],"or":[113],"more.":[114],"SNPs":[117,122],"analyzed,":[118],"selected":[120],"8":[121,158],"genes":[124],"ALAD,":[126],"MTF1,":[127],"DBH":[128],"SNAP25,":[130],"use":[132],"instrumental":[134],"variable":[135,153],"(IV),":[136],"based":[137],"statistical":[140,184],"significance":[141],"each":[143],"SNP":[144],"ADHD.":[148],"We":[149,201,261],"created":[150],"allelic":[151],"IV":[155],"using":[156],"those":[157],"variant":[160],"variables.":[161],"Generalized":[162],"method":[163],"moments":[165],"(GMM)":[166],"as":[167,169],"well":[168],"two":[170],"stage":[171],"least":[172],"square":[173],"(2SLS)":[174],"approaches":[175],"modelling.":[182],"All":[183],"analyses":[185],"done":[187],"by":[188],"STATA/IC":[189],"12.1.":[190],"Results:":[191],"7-12":[194],"years":[195],"participants,":[196],"cases":[198],"311(17.0%).":[200],"found":[202],"borderline":[204],"significant":[205,252],"inactivity":[209],"ARS":[210],"[log":[212],"(total":[213],"score):":[214,223,232],"\u03b2":[215,224,233],"=":[216,225,234,255],"0.42,":[217],"95%CI:":[218,227,236,257],"-0.11,":[219],"0.96;":[220],"log":[221,230],"(inactivity":[222],"0.32,":[226],"-0.17,":[228],"0.82;":[229],"(hyperactivity":[231],"0.50,":[235],"-0.03,":[237],"1.03].":[238],"binary":[240],"outcome":[243],"model":[244],"GMM,":[246],"could":[248,262],"not":[249],"find":[250,263],"(OR":[254],"1.31,":[256],"0.77,":[258],"2.21).":[259],"Conclusions:":[260],"nonsignificant":[264],"positive":[265],"associations":[267],"considering":[273,277],"predisposition.":[275],"Nonetheless":[276],"subtype":[278],"ADHD,":[280],"hyperactivity":[281],"more":[283],"likely":[284],"exposure.":[290],"Those":[291],"non-significant":[292],"estimates":[293],"may":[294],"due":[296],"lack":[299],"power":[301],"this":[303],"study.":[304]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2019-01-25T00:00:00"}