{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2909276571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2018.0114","title":"Systematic Review of Community Paramedicine and EMS Mobile Integrated Health Care Interventions in the United States","display_name":"Systematic Review of Community Paramedicine and EMS Mobile Integrated Health Care Interventions in the United States","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2909276571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2018.0114","mag":"2909276571","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30614761"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1089/pop.2018.0114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2018.0114","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2018.0114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115396579","display_name":"Population Health Management","issn_l":"1942-7891","issn":["1942-7891","1942-7905"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443","https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Population Health Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073019486","display_name":"Abbey Gregg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5288-028X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5288-028X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abbey Gregg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Rural Health Research, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Rural Health Research, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036585227","display_name":"Joshua Tutek","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Tutek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003698520","display_name":"Matthew D. Leatherwood","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew D. Leatherwood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, The University of Alabama, Moore Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, The University of Alabama, Moore Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"William Crawford","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1303662053","display_name":"Alabama Department of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/00j0z5m32","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303662053"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Crawford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Rural Health Research, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama","Office of EMS, Alabama Department of Public Health, Montgomery, Alabama"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Rural Health Research, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of EMS, Alabama Department of Public Health, Montgomery, Alabama","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1303662053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031895954","display_name":"Richard Friend","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Friend","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Family, Internal, and Rural Medicine and College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Family, Internal, and Rural Medicine and College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103416989","display_name":"Martha R. Crowther","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martha Crowther","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Family, Internal, and Rural Medicine and College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama","Institute for Rural Health Research, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Family, Internal, and Rural Medicine and College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Rural Health Research, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006200464","display_name":"Robert McKinney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4363-1510","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4363-1510"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17301866","display_name":"University of Alabama","ror":"https://ror.org/03xrrjk67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert McKinney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073019486"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17301866"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9862,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93097345,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"213","last_page":"222"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11095","display_name":"Emergency and Acute Care Studies","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11095","display_name":"Emergency and Acute Care Studies","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11467","display_name":"Trauma and Emergency Care Studies","score":0.007499999832361937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14354","display_name":"Emergency Medicine Education and Research","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-paramedicine","display_name":"community paramedicine","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-medical-services","display_name":"emergency medical services","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadruple-aim","display_name":"Quadruple Aim","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-department-use","display_name":"emergency department utilization","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inpatient-utilization","display_name":"inpatient utilization","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-satisfaction","display_name":"patient satisfaction","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/provider-satisfaction","display_name":"provider satisfaction","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-reduction","display_name":"cost reduction","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-care","display_name":"primary care","score":0.5669999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.802043080329895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6207365393638611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780724011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1295316","display_name":"Emergency department","level":2,"score":0.6068249940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.47001054883003235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545288138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860447","display_name":"Emergency medical services","level":2,"score":0.4688597321510315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.4672669470310211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.45523738861083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.41744309663772583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.38767382502555847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.3044787347316742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004632","descriptor_name":"Emergency Medical Services","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008952","descriptor_name":"Mobile Health Units","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017060","descriptor_name":"Patient Satisfaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019033","descriptor_name":"Delivery of Health Care, Integrated","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1089/pop.2018.0114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2018.0114","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2018.0114","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S115396579","display_name":"Population Health Management","issn_l":"1942-7891","issn":["1942-7891","1942-7905"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320443","host_organization_name":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320443","https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.","SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Population Health Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30614761","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30614761","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Population health management","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9789000153541565,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128279112","https://openalex.org/W169161080","https://openalex.org/W1229925356","https://openalex.org/W1965865262","https://openalex.org/W1989403735","https://openalex.org/W2077260086","https://openalex.org/W2079298275","https://openalex.org/W2135400982","https://openalex.org/W2155075229","https://openalex.org/W2161374186","https://openalex.org/W2279991865","https://openalex.org/W2396530778","https://openalex.org/W2414905060","https://openalex.org/W2508280853","https://openalex.org/W2513731280","https://openalex.org/W2530042710","https://openalex.org/W2545671072","https://openalex.org/W2557676167","https://openalex.org/W2560438049","https://openalex.org/W2603710426","https://openalex.org/W2603878513","https://openalex.org/W2608518829","https://openalex.org/W2751510262","https://openalex.org/W2755664449","https://openalex.org/W2767609838","https://openalex.org/W2773047238","https://openalex.org/W2774192158","https://openalex.org/W2777128679"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7052214200","https://openalex.org/W3209203477","https://openalex.org/W3099775211","https://openalex.org/W1588735904","https://openalex.org/W6989657152","https://openalex.org/W4313334659","https://openalex.org/W4400742430","https://openalex.org/W3172565824","https://openalex.org/W4411778412","https://openalex.org/W7111518901"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emergency":[0],"medical":[1,13],"services":[2],"(EMS)":[3],"in":[4,70,210],"the":[5,19,41,56,71,109,146,159,163,220,227,235],"United":[6,72],"States":[7],"are":[8],"frequently":[9],"used":[10],"for":[11,23,32,64,229],"nonurgent":[12],"needs.":[14],"Use":[15],"of":[16,88,182,223],"911":[17],"and":[18,30,34,47,91,105,114,176,204,213,241],"emergency":[20],"department":[21],"(ED)":[22],"primary":[24],"care-treatable":[25],"conditions":[26],"is":[27,38,238,247],"expensive,":[28],"inefficient,":[29],"undesirable":[31],"patients":[33],"providers.":[35],"The":[36,197],"objective":[37],"to":[39,55,148,158,173,188,215,232],"describe":[40],"outcomes":[42],"from":[43,78,168],"community":[44],"paramedicine":[45],"(CP)":[46],"mobile":[48],"integrated":[49],"health":[50,95],"care":[51],"(MIH)":[52],"interventions":[53,69,80,231],"related":[54],"Quadruple":[57,236],"Aim.":[58],"Three":[59],"electronic":[60],"databases":[61],"were":[62,81,108,117,207],"searched":[63],"peer-review":[65],"literature":[66],"on":[67,244],"CP-MIH":[68,230],"States.":[73],"Eight":[74],"articles":[75],"reporting":[76],"data":[77],"7":[79],"included.":[82],"Four":[83],"studies":[84,131,137,212,225],"reported":[85,99,208],"high":[86],"levels":[87],"patient":[89,202],"satisfaction,":[90,203],"only":[92,144],"3":[93,199],"measured":[94],"outcomes.":[96],"No":[97],"study":[98,112],"provider":[100,205],"satisfaction":[101],"measures.":[102],"Reducing":[103],"ED":[104],"inpatient":[106],"utilization":[107,170],"most":[110,130],"common":[111],"outcomes,":[113],"programs":[115,246],"generally":[116],"successful":[118],"at":[119],"reducing":[120],"utilization.":[121],"With":[122],"reduced":[123,169],"utilization,":[124],"costs":[125],"should":[126,138],"be":[127,172,216],"reduced;":[128],"however,":[129],"did":[132],"not":[133,143],"quantify":[134],"savings.":[135],"Future":[136],"conduct":[139],"economic":[140],"analyses":[141],"that":[142,191],"compare":[145],"intervention":[147,194],"traditional":[149],"EMS":[150,160,183],"services,":[151],"but":[152,178],"also":[153],"measure":[154],"potential":[155,228],"cost":[156,166,189],"savings":[157,167,190],"agencies":[161],"running":[162],"intervention.":[164],"Most":[165],"will":[171],"insurance":[174],"companies":[175],"patients,":[177],"more":[179,242],"efficient":[180],"use":[181],"agencies'":[184],"resources":[185],"could":[186,192],"lead":[187],"offset":[193],"implementation":[195],"costs.":[196],"other":[198],"aims":[200],"(health,":[201],"satisfaction)":[206],"inconsistently":[209],"these":[211,245],"need":[214],"addressed":[217],"further.":[218],"Given":[219],"small":[221],"number":[222],"heterogeneous":[224],"reviewed,":[226],"comprehensively":[233],"address":[234],"Aim":[237],"still":[239],"unclear,":[240],"research":[243],"needed.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2019-01-25T00:00:00"}