{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2909102465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p308","title":"Assessment of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in Sub-Saharan Africa","display_name":"Assessment of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services in Sub-Saharan Africa","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2909102465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p308","mag":"2909102465"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p308","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p308","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764799362","display_name":"European Scientific Journal ESJ","issn_l":"1857-7431","issn":["1857-7431","1857-7881"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800573","host_organization_name":"European Scientific Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800573"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["European Scientific Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Scientific Journal, ESJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p308","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040569091","display_name":"Odafivwotu Ohwo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6835-0643","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6835-0643"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147765412","display_name":"Niger Delta University","ror":"https://ror.org/03pwcr767","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147765412"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Odafivwotu Ohwo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Management,#R##N#Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management,#R##N#Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147765412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012065216","display_name":"Tano Dumoyei Agusomu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I147765412","display_name":"Niger Delta University","ror":"https://ror.org/03pwcr767","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I147765412"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tano Dumoyei Agusomu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Management,#R##N#Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management,#R##N#Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147765412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I147765412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0025,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72365054,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"35","first_page":"308","last_page":"308"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.5342000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.5342000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14232","display_name":"Water Resource Management and Quality","score":0.44679999351501465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14169","display_name":"Public Health and Environmental Issues","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wash","display_name":"water, sanitation and hygiene","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wash-services","display_name":"WASH services","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-clean-water","display_name":"access to clean water","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanitation","display_name":"sanitation","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hygiene","display_name":"hygiene","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-impacts","display_name":"climate change impacts","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-scarcity","display_name":"water scarcity","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desertification","display_name":"desertification","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-variability","display_name":"rainfall variability","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/governance","display_name":"governance","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weak-institutions","display_name":"institutional weakness","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corruption","display_name":"corruption","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financing","display_name":"financing","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-water-resources-management","display_name":"integrated water resources management","score":0.6060000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780151969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949149","display_name":"Sanitation","level":2,"score":0.9373496770858765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547646559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162297","display_name":"Hygiene","level":2,"score":0.8933448791503906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97156103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17072861","display_name":"Open defecation","level":3,"score":0.4753056466579437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.46376630663871765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4627205729484558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.3425928056240082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.322539746761322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2853439450263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.23274075984954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.153499573469162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p308","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p308","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764799362","display_name":"European Scientific Journal ESJ","issn_l":"1857-7431","issn":["1857-7431","1857-7881"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800573","host_organization_name":"European Scientific Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800573"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["European Scientific Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Scientific Journal, ESJ","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p308","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p308","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n35p308","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764799362","display_name":"European Scientific Journal ESJ","issn_l":"1857-7431","issn":["1857-7431","1857-7881"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800573","host_organization_name":"European Scientific Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800573"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["European Scientific Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Scientific Journal, ESJ","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.965499997138977,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"},{"score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"score":0.4074000120162964,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2909102465.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2909102465.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494853522","https://openalex.org/W1872427719","https://openalex.org/W1987328173","https://openalex.org/W1997234867","https://openalex.org/W2068807874","https://openalex.org/W2120476202","https://openalex.org/W2128592628","https://openalex.org/W2165138347","https://openalex.org/W2285322111","https://openalex.org/W2736114224"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400412668","https://openalex.org/W7223291197","https://openalex.org/W2928379689","https://openalex.org/W4289524784","https://openalex.org/W7203796383","https://openalex.org/W7138139570","https://openalex.org/W23743863","https://openalex.org/W7038117751","https://openalex.org/W3000225819","https://openalex.org/W4390509638"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Adequate":[0],"provision":[1,134],"of":[2,12,23,26,59,115,125,135,171,203,215,228,234],"water,":[3],"sanitation":[4],"and":[5,47,81,90,112,146,156,175,190,207,231],"hygiene":[6],"(WASH)":[7],"facilities":[8],"are":[9,100,141,151],"supporting":[10],"pillars":[11],"healthy":[13,235],"living.":[14],"Hence,":[15],"this":[16],"review":[17,96],"was":[18,52],"aimed":[19],"at":[20],"the":[21,24,39,56,66,82,110,126,132,139,152,180,193,201,213,219,226,232,238],"assessment":[22],"status":[25,58],"WASH":[27,57,122,136,194,209,229],"services":[28,99,137,230],"in":[29,65,73,88,103,138,168,192,218,224,237],"sub-Saharan":[30,60,104],"Africa.":[31,61],"The":[32,95,148,198],"study":[33,199],"used":[34,53],"secondary":[35],"data,":[36],"sourced":[37],"from":[38,70],"Joint":[40],"Monitoring":[41],"Programme":[42],"(JMP)":[43],"report":[44],"by":[45,164],"UNICEF":[46],"WHO":[48],"(2015).":[49],"This":[50,221],"data":[51],"to":[54,121,131],"assess":[55],"Other":[62],"information":[63],"highlighted":[64],"paper":[67],"were":[68,86],"obtained":[69,85],"existing":[71],"literature,":[72],"peer":[74],"reviewed":[75],"journals,":[76],"conference":[77],"proceedings,":[78],"commissioned":[79],"studies":[80],"internet.":[83],"Data":[84],"presented":[87],"tables":[89],"further":[91],"analyzed":[92],"using":[93],"percentages.":[94],"revealed":[97],"thatWASH":[98],"poorly":[101],"provided":[102],"Africa,":[105],"with":[106],"negative":[107],"consequencies":[108],"on":[109],"health":[111],"socio-economic":[113],"development":[114],"people":[116],"who":[117],"have":[118,129],"poor":[119,133,184,188],"access":[120],"services.":[123],"Some":[124],"reasons":[127],"that":[128,211],"led":[130],"region":[140],"broadly":[142],"classified":[143],"into":[144],"natural":[145,149],"human-related.":[147],"causes":[150,182],"region\u2019s":[153],"extreme":[154],"climate":[155,165],"rainfall":[157],"variability,":[158],"which":[159],"has":[160],"been":[161],"made":[162],"worst":[163],"change,":[166],"resulting":[167],"desertification,":[169],"shrinkage":[170],"some":[172],"water":[173,177],"bodies":[174],"growing":[176],"scarcity;":[178],"while":[179],"human-related":[181],"include,":[183],"governance,":[185],"weak":[186],"institutions,":[187],"financing,":[189],"corruption":[191],"sector,":[195],"amongst":[196],"others.":[197],"recommends":[200],"adoption":[202],"a":[204],"comprehensive,":[205],"inclusive":[206],"integrated":[208],"strategy":[210],"fit":[212],"peculiarities":[214],"each":[216],"country":[217],"region.":[220,239],"would":[222],"help":[223],"maximizing":[225],"benefits":[227],"promotion":[233],"living":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2019-01-25T00:00:00"}