{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2908078286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cer-2018-0027","title":"Exogenous and Endogenous Growth Models: a Critical Review","display_name":"Exogenous and Endogenous Growth Models: a Critical Review","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2908078286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cer-2018-0027","mag":"2908078286"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/cer-2018-0027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cer-2018-0027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cer-2018-0027","pdf_url":"https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/CER/article/download/3880/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187998666","display_name":"Comparative Economic Research Central and Eastern Europe","issn_l":"1508-2008","issn":["1508-2008","2082-6737"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320290","host_organization_name":"University of Lodz Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320290","https://openalex.org/P4310317463"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Lodz Press","University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/CER/article/download/3880/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053766857","display_name":"Themba Gilbert Chirwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0297-0548","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0297-0548","https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5979-7024"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165390105","display_name":"University of South Africa","ror":"https://ror.org/048cwvf49","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Themba G. Chirwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ph.D., Department of Economics, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ph.D., Department of Economics, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075418391","display_name":"Nicholas Mbaya Odhiambo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4988-0259","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4988-0259"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165390105","display_name":"University of South Africa","ror":"https://ror.org/048cwvf49","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas M. Odhiambo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor, Department of Economics, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor, Department of Economics, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165390105"],"apc_list":{"value":500,"currency":"PLN","value_usd":150},"apc_paid":{"value":500,"currency":"PLN","value_usd":150},"fwci":2.9009,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92137093,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"4","first_page":"63","last_page":"84"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11742","display_name":"Economic Theory and Policy","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10007","display_name":"Monetary Policy and Economic Impact","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exogenous-growth-models","display_name":"exogenous growth models","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endogenous-growth-model","display_name":"endogenous growth model","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/growth-theory","display_name":"growth theory","score":0.8489999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-progress","display_name":"technological progress","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-productivity-differences","display_name":"international productivity differences","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/increasing-returns-to-scale","display_name":"increasing returns to scale","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital","display_name":"human capital","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-and-development","display_name":"research and development","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge","display_name":"knowledge","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-efficiency","display_name":"capital efficiency","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-flight","display_name":"capital flight","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-expenditure","display_name":"government spending","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflation","display_name":"inflation","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-exchange-rate","display_name":"real exchange rate","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-interest-rates","display_name":"real interest rates","score":0.972000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190430219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576355","display_name":"Endogenous growth theory","level":3,"score":0.8075289726257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.8070663809776306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.6493308544158936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24649204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3656853","display_name":"Capital deepening","level":5,"score":0.5331456065177917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.5260845422744751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200941418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273508","display_name":"Inflation (cosmology)","level":2,"score":0.4582362473011017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4559500813484192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.44216927886009216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777657794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3656849","display_name":"Capital flight","level":3,"score":0.4387180209159851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9127897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q990550","display_name":"Physical capital","level":3,"score":0.4167236387729645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165083353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282942","display_name":"Returns to scale","level":3,"score":0.41660380363464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991968081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Growth theory","level":2,"score":0.412209153175354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167562979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271857","display_name":"Classical economics","level":1,"score":0.2925761938095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.28059500455856323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58202505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035700","display_name":"Capital formation","level":4,"score":0.26701170206069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44750222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897397","display_name":"Financial capital","level":3,"score":0.16534462571144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.15486201643943787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.14380449056625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2478/cer-2018-0027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cer-2018-0027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cer-2018-0027","pdf_url":"https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/CER/article/download/3880/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187998666","display_name":"Comparative Economic Research Central and Eastern Europe","issn_l":"1508-2008","issn":["1508-2008","2082-6737"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320290","host_organization_name":"University of Lodz Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320290","https://openalex.org/P4310317463"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Lodz Press","University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3ba7b2548e88427eb987dc3b4a476718","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3ba7b2548e88427eb987dc3b4a476718","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Comparative Economic Research, Vol 21, Iss 4, Pp 63-84 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.uni.lodz.pl:11089/26690","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11089/26690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401347","display_name":"University of Lodz Repository (University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34250744","host_organization_name":"University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34250744"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/259181","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/259181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2478/cer-2018-0027","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cer-2018-0027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cer-2018-0027","pdf_url":"https://czasopisma.uni.lodz.pl/CER/article/download/3880/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S187998666","display_name":"Comparative Economic Research Central and Eastern Europe","issn_l":"1508-2008","issn":["1508-2008","2082-6737"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320290","host_organization_name":"University of Lodz Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320290","https://openalex.org/P4310317463"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Lodz Press","University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2908078286.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2908078286.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W592154852","https://openalex.org/W1486605679","https://openalex.org/W1553143760","https://openalex.org/W1556350064","https://openalex.org/W1606377008","https://openalex.org/W1981183884","https://openalex.org/W2016944773","https://openalex.org/W2024294550","https://openalex.org/W2025609315","https://openalex.org/W2027170003","https://openalex.org/W2041576384","https://openalex.org/W2047273630","https://openalex.org/W2050777312","https://openalex.org/W2051438039","https://openalex.org/W2057675067","https://openalex.org/W2061254433","https://openalex.org/W2061721471","https://openalex.org/W2064061280","https://openalex.org/W2068893248","https://openalex.org/W2070631858","https://openalex.org/W2074164727","https://openalex.org/W2086648808","https://openalex.org/W2088412566","https://openalex.org/W2093030468","https://openalex.org/W2096583272","https://openalex.org/W2099268311","https://openalex.org/W2108614304","https://openalex.org/W2136072582","https://openalex.org/W2140409505","https://openalex.org/W2161041152","https://openalex.org/W2162752858","https://openalex.org/W2166974667","https://openalex.org/W2323266160","https://openalex.org/W2333047516","https://openalex.org/W2398783741","https://openalex.org/W2891762457","https://openalex.org/W2891943661","https://openalex.org/W3122611856","https://openalex.org/W3123429204","https://openalex.org/W3125065735","https://openalex.org/W3125227899","https://openalex.org/W3125426360","https://openalex.org/W3149220613"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W250574309","https://openalex.org/W2972950132","https://openalex.org/W1584882923","https://openalex.org/W1571258046","https://openalex.org/W2069925582","https://openalex.org/W1969330398","https://openalex.org/W2492593312","https://openalex.org/W1992772247","https://openalex.org/W1523333277","https://openalex.org/W4404052063"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,64,90,101],"main":[1],"divisions":[2],"of":[3,25,30,42,110,129,174],"the":[4,39,53,83,108,127,153,172],"theoretical":[5,155,175],"economic":[6,44,156,176,194],"growth":[7,17,32,45,55,157,177,195],"literature":[8],"that":[9,19,35,61,67,104,106,125,146,161,171],"we":[10,87],"study":[11,143],"today":[12],"include":[13,93,131],"exogenous":[14,31],"and":[15,27,79,97,99,112,138,182],"endogenous":[16,54],"models":[18,33],"have":[20],"transitioned":[21],"through":[22],"a":[23],"number":[24],"notions":[26,60],"criticisms.":[28],"Proponents":[29],"argue":[34],"technological":[36],"progress":[37],"is":[38,148,178],"key":[40,91],"determinant":[41],"long\u2011run":[43],"as":[46,48],"well":[47],"international":[49,84,120,166],"productivity":[50,85,121,167],"differences.":[51,122,168],"Within":[52],"models,":[56],"there":[57,147],"are":[58,62],"two":[59],"propagated.":[63],"first":[65],"postulates":[66],"capital":[68,115,130],"used":[69],"for":[70,82,165],"innovative":[71],"purposes":[72],"can":[73,117,162],"exhibit":[74],"increasing":[75],"returns":[76],"to":[77,186,189],"scale":[78],"thus":[80],"account":[81,164],"differences":[86],"observe":[88],"today.":[89],"determinants":[92],"knowledge,":[94],"human":[95],"capital,":[96,111],"research":[98],"development.":[100],"second":[102],"argues":[103],"factors":[105,124],"affect":[107,126],"efficiency":[109,128],"hence":[113],"cause":[114],"flight,":[116],"also":[118],"explain":[119],"These":[123],"government":[132],"spending,":[133],"inflation,":[134],"real":[135,139],"exchange":[136],"rates,":[137],"interest":[140],"rates.":[141],"Our":[142],"results":[144],"reveal":[145],"still":[149],"no":[150],"agreement":[151],"on":[152],"dominant":[154],"model":[158],"amongst":[159],"economists":[160],"fully":[163],"We":[169],"conclude":[170],"future":[173],"far":[179],"from":[180],"over":[181],"more":[183,191],"work":[184],"needs":[185],"be":[187],"done":[188],"develop":[190],"practical":[192],"structural":[193],"models.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2019-01-11T00:00:00"}