{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2907054045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118818410","title":"Statistical Analysis of Dependent Observations in the Orthopaedic Sports Literature","display_name":"Statistical Analysis of Dependent Observations in the Orthopaedic Sports Literature","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2907054045","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118818410","mag":"2907054045","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30637265","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6317150"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/2325967118818410","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118818410","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118818410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2755168269","display_name":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine","issn_l":"2325-9671","issn":["2325-9671"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118818410","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060012817","display_name":"Drake G. LeBrun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4977-0669","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4977-0669"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281539108","display_name":"Hospital for Special Surgery","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjqec80","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281539108"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Drake G. LeBrun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281539108"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074059887","display_name":"Tram Tran","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tram Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015361059","display_name":"David Wypij","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8367-8711","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8367-8711"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Wypij","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086989418","display_name":"Mininder Singh Kocher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7938-7820","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7938-7820"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288882113","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mininder S. Kocher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086989418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"],"apc_list":{"value":1200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1200},"apc_paid":{"value":1200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1200},"fwci":0.3342,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63725426,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"2325967118818410","last_page":"2325967118818410"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.49320000410079956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.49320000410079956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.39649999141693115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.01360000018030405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependent-observations","display_name":"dependent observations","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repeated-measures","display_name":"repeated measures","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthopaedic-sports-medicine","display_name":"orthopaedic sports medicine","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/study-design","display_name":"research design","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knee-joint","display_name":"knee joint","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hip","display_name":"hip","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/level-of-evidence","display_name":"level of evidence","score":0.6850000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8333224058151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.5176509022712708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.41103169322013855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15945476293563843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/2325967118818410","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118818410","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118818410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2755168269","display_name":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine","issn_l":"2325-9671","issn":["2325-9671"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:5303173","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6317150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:6317150","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6317150","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Orthop J Sports Med","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:30637265","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30637265","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:593a9b520e3e4d5ca6f69d7b0c44aded","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/593a9b520e3e4d5ca6f69d7b0c44aded","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol 7 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/2325967118818410","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118818410","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118818410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2755168269","display_name":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine","issn_l":"2325-9671","issn":["2325-9671"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8371999859809875}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6800000071525574}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9588733","https://openalex.org/W1974866110","https://openalex.org/W1985733673","https://openalex.org/W2001827423","https://openalex.org/W2005787744","https://openalex.org/W2040298830","https://openalex.org/W2044042707","https://openalex.org/W2045849736","https://openalex.org/W2056147220","https://openalex.org/W2102079401","https://openalex.org/W2123679652","https://openalex.org/W2132161915","https://openalex.org/W2133959349","https://openalex.org/W2152997045","https://openalex.org/W2170539562","https://openalex.org/W2170806255","https://openalex.org/W2318625158","https://openalex.org/W2416471016","https://openalex.org/W2560438049","https://openalex.org/W2587740662"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040298830","https://openalex.org/W4213200746","https://openalex.org/W2102079401","https://openalex.org/W3206430884","https://openalex.org/W4391430097","https://openalex.org/W2743072286","https://openalex.org/W4388109126","https://openalex.org/W2041856606","https://openalex.org/W2418141156","https://openalex.org/W4367676964"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Orthopaedic":[1],"research":[2],"may":[3,43],"involve":[4],"multiple":[5,16,103,107],"observations":[6,65,100,247,254,268],"from":[7,91,295],"the":[8,55,67,121,192,196,206,242,250,272],"same":[9],"patient":[10],"because":[11,101],"of":[12,69,88,102,123,133,140,158,173,183,195,233,245,253,266,291],"bilateral":[13],"joint":[14],"involvement,":[15],"disease":[17,21,108],"sites,":[18],"or":[19,106,208],"recurrent":[20],"episodes.":[22],"These":[23],"situations":[24],"violate":[25,219],"statistical":[26,36,159,220,234],"independence":[27,124],"and":[28,47,66,127,138,180,205,297],"need":[29],"to":[30,39,45,57,72,93,113,149,186,191,218,249,299],"be":[31,289],"accounted":[32],"for":[33,41,74,115,188,282,302],"via":[34],"appropriate":[35],"techniques.":[37],"Failing":[38],"account":[40,73,114,187],"nonindependence":[42,116,283,296],"lead":[44],"biased":[46],"overly":[48],"precise":[49],"effect":[50],"estimates.":[51],"Purpose:":[52],"To":[53],"determine":[54,150],"degree":[56],"which":[58],"orthopaedic":[59,273],"sports":[60,274],"medicine":[61],"studies":[62,82,168,176,194,237,278],"analyze":[63],"dependent":[64,178,240,246,267,303],"proportion":[68,244],"these":[70,152,184,285],"failing":[71],"nonindependence.":[75,189],"Study":[76,222],"Design:":[77],"Cross-sectional":[78],"study.":[79],"Methods:":[80],"Clinical":[81],"published":[83],"in":[84,255,271,284],"The":[85,264],"American":[86],"Journal":[87],"Sports":[89],"Medicine":[90],"2012":[92],"2017":[94],"were":[95,110,117,125,154,169,215],"reviewed.":[96,170],"Studies":[97,119],"reporting":[98],"nonindependent":[99],"extremity":[104],"involvement":[105],"episodes":[109],"identified.":[111],"Methods":[112],"recorded.":[118],"violating":[120],"assumption":[122],"identified":[126],"stratified":[128],"by":[129],"study":[130,257],"design,":[131],"level":[132],"evidence,":[134],"body":[135],"part":[136],"involved,":[137],"inclusion":[139],"a":[141],"statistician":[142],"coauthor.":[143],"Univariate":[144],"logistic":[145],"regression":[146],"was":[147,228,258],"used":[148],"whether":[151],"factors":[153],"associated":[155,230],"with":[156,231],"violations":[157,232],"independence.":[160,221,235],"Results:":[161],"After":[162],"screening":[163],"1016":[164],"articles,":[165],"886":[166],"clinical":[167],"A":[171],"total":[172,251],"135":[174],"(15%)":[175],"analyzed":[177,239],"observations,":[179,241],"111":[181],"(82%)":[182],"failed":[185],"Relative":[190],"knee,":[193],"hip":[197],"(odds":[198],"ratio":[199],"[OR],":[200],"0.21;":[201],"P":[202,212,225],"=":[203,213,226],".02)":[204],"thigh":[207],"leg":[209],"(OR,":[210],"0.03;":[211],".004)":[214],"less":[216],"likely":[217],"design":[223],"(":[224],".03)":[227],"also":[229],"Among":[236],"that":[238],"median":[243],"relative":[248],"number":[252],"each":[256],"0.07":[259],"(interquartile":[260],"range,":[261],"0.04-0.12).":[262],"Conclusion:":[263],"analysis":[265],"is":[269],"common":[270],"literature,":[275],"but":[276],"most":[277],"do":[279],"not":[280],"adjust":[281,301],"situations.":[286],"Investigators":[287],"should":[288],"aware":[290],"incorrect":[292],"inferences":[293],"arising":[294],"how":[298],"statistically":[300],"data.":[304]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2019-01-11T00:00:00"}