{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2906836969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2018.8599847","title":"Clustering Learned CNN Features from Raw I/Q Data for Emitter Identification","display_name":"Clustering Learned CNN Features from Raw I/Q Data for Emitter Identification","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2906836969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2018.8599847","mag":"2906836969"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom.2018.8599847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2018.8599847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2018.8599847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608114","display_name":"IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2018 - 2018 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045887475","display_name":"Lauren J. Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5896-0176","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5896-0176"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren J. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110245984","display_name":"William Christopher Headley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6306-072X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6306-072X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William C. Headley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103790740","display_name":"Seth Andrews","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seth Andrews","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042147260","display_name":"Ryan Gerdes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0876-1181","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0876-1181"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan M. Gerdes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011390669","display_name":"Alan J. Michaels","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2437-3410","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2437-3410"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan J. Michaels","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hume Center for National Security and Technology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4575,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94934733,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"26","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/specific-emitter-identification","display_name":"specific emitter identification","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rf-fingerprinting","display_name":"radio frequency fingerprinting","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cnn-feature-extraction","display_name":"CNN feature extraction","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dbscan","display_name":"DBSCAN","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iq-data","display_name":"IQ data","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emitter-tracking","display_name":"emitter tracking","score":0.421999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-spectrum-access","display_name":"dynamic spectrum access","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"cognitive radio","score":0.7879999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46918542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648344","display_name":"Common emitter","level":2,"score":0.8374607563018799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.753629744052887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7058996558189392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6671735048294067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46576248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1114630","display_name":"DBSCAN","level":5,"score":0.5752828121185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5588313937187195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5551908016204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5233365893363953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5218276381492615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.16723909974098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1325264871120453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104047586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033439","display_name":"Canopy clustering algorithm","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94641424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172845","display_name":"Correlation clustering","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/milcom.2018.8599847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2018.8599847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2018.8599847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608114","display_name":"IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"MILCOM 2018 - 2018 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W592963477","https://openalex.org/W1594545469","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1991685971","https://openalex.org/W2073459066","https://openalex.org/W2095162275","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2141245797","https://openalex.org/W2145406327","https://openalex.org/W2162833336","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2165232124","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2402669159","https://openalex.org/W2546811795","https://openalex.org/W2577998051","https://openalex.org/W2583165630","https://openalex.org/W2604481500","https://openalex.org/W2745153189","https://openalex.org/W2773874478","https://openalex.org/W2776244688","https://openalex.org/W2790772609"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3163639875","https://openalex.org/W963760361","https://openalex.org/W2790856699","https://openalex.org/W1545597883","https://openalex.org/W3176449234","https://openalex.org/W2353158678","https://openalex.org/W2767235736","https://openalex.org/W2045002201","https://openalex.org/W4225278791","https://openalex.org/W4322502698"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Specific":[0],"Emitter":[1],"Identification":[2],"(SEI)":[3],"is":[4,102],"the":[5,34,82,107,117,120],"act":[6],"of":[7,18,30,119],"matching":[8],"a":[9,16],"received":[10],"signal":[11],"to":[12,24,33,58,86,136],"an":[13],"emitter":[14,43,46],"using":[15,70],"database":[17],"radio":[19,56],"frequency":[20],"(RF)":[21],"features":[22,94,129],"belonging":[23],"known":[25],"transmitters.":[26],"SEI":[27],"systems":[28,57],"are":[29,95],"vital":[31],"importance":[32],"military":[35],"for":[36],"applications":[37],"such":[38],"as":[39,75],"early":[40],"warning":[41],"systems,":[42],"tracking,":[44],"and":[45,78,111,126],"location,":[47],"and,":[48],"more":[49],"recently,":[50],"have":[51],"been":[52],"used":[53,135],"in":[54,104,123,141],"cognitive":[55],"enforce":[59],"Dynamic":[60],"Spectrum":[61],"Access":[62],"(DSA)":[63],"rules":[64],"[1],":[65],"[2].":[66],"This":[67],"work":[68],"investigates":[69],"Convolutional":[71],"Neural":[72],"Networks":[73],"(CNNs)":[74],"feature":[76],"learners":[77],"extractors,":[79],"paired":[80],"with":[81],"clustering":[83],"algorithm":[84],"DBSCAN,":[85],"perform":[87],"SEI.":[88],"The":[89],"process":[90],"through":[91],"which":[92],"emitter-specific":[93],"extracted":[96,130],"from":[97,131],"raw":[98],"I/Q":[99],"data":[100],"streams":[101],"described":[103],"detail,":[105],"including":[106],"CNN":[108],"architecture,":[109],"design,":[110],"training.":[112,142],"Extensive":[113],"performance":[114],"analysis":[115],"demonstrates":[116],"effectiveness":[118],"proposed":[121],"approach":[122],"identifying":[124],"emitters,":[125],"shows":[127],"that":[128],"CNNs":[132],"can":[133],"be":[134],"differentiate":[137],"between":[138],"devices":[139],"unseen":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
