{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2905511457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7282/t3988bd6","title":"Child soldiers and military actors","display_name":"Child soldiers and military actors","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2905511457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7282/t3988bd6","mag":"2905511457"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2905511457","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/57341/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.7282/t3988bd6","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072046335","display_name":"Iuliia Hoban","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3483-1083","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3483-1083"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hoban, Iuliia","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072046335"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.22059999406337738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.22059999406337738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12263","display_name":"Peacebuilding and International Security","score":0.1298000067472458,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":0.09950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-soldiers","display_name":"child soldiers","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-governmental-organizations","display_name":"non-governmental organizations","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-lawyers","display_name":"military lawyers","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government-officials","display_name":"government officials","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-process","display_name":"policy process","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/framing-contests","display_name":"framing contests","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naming-and-shaming","display_name":"naming and shaming","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domestic-litigation","display_name":"domestic litigation","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canada","display_name":"Canada","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states","display_name":"United States","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-kingdom","display_name":"United Kingdom","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.6486841440200806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.6292102932929993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111439079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192125","display_name":"Liberal democracy","level":4,"score":0.4153681993484497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4046618342399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.34153491258621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.3194037079811096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2605224847793579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.25943630933761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.2485101819038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2905511457","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/57341/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.7282/t3988bd6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7282/t3988bd6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7282/t3988bd6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401388","display_name":"Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","host_organization_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.7282/t3988bd6","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7282/t3988bd6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7282/t3988bd6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401388","display_name":"Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","host_organization_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":1.0,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2980446831","https://openalex.org/W2883827338","https://openalex.org/W2464993607","https://openalex.org/W2598693339","https://openalex.org/W1477770555","https://openalex.org/W2763676931","https://openalex.org/W7018075073","https://openalex.org/W7146344618","https://openalex.org/W7010588149","https://openalex.org/W3203874475"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"professional":[1],"militaries":[2],"of":[3,20,42,46,67,83,88,110,116,154,157,185,213,225,233,244,272,287,309,312,339],"Canada,":[4,92],"the":[5,9,25,65,73,77,81,86,93,97,114,121,183,195,228,238,254,261,266,273,285,294,302,307,310,317,325,337,351],"United":[6,10,94,98],"States,":[7],"and":[8,23,27,50,52,96,128,140,227,246,269,289,314,358,370],"Kingdom":[11],"have":[12,60],"increasingly":[13],"recognized":[14],"that":[15,136,279],"children":[16],"can":[17],"become":[18],"part":[19],"opposing":[21],"forces":[22],"face":[24],"operational":[26],"policy":[28,122,229,277,299,303,318,333,355,363],"decisions":[29],"regarding":[30],"their":[31,47],"detention.":[32],"These":[33,178],"Anglo-Saxon,":[34],"consolidated,":[35],"liberal":[36],"democracies":[37],"demonstrate":[38],"a":[39,108,151,155,210,276],"high":[40],"level":[41],"similarity,":[43],"in":[44,80,91,120,189,231,250,275,329,361],"terms":[45,268],"shared":[48],"norms":[49],"values,":[51],"common":[53],"security":[54,369],"practices.":[55],"Nonetheless,":[56],"these":[57,145,186,205,214,234],"three":[58,117,187,206,235],"countries":[59,207],"developed":[61],"distinct":[62],"policies":[63,84],"on":[64,85,353],"detention":[66,87],"child":[68,89],"soldiers.":[69],"This":[70,342],"dissertation":[71,217,343],"addressed":[72],"question:":[74],"what":[75],"explains":[76],"cross-national":[78],"variation":[79],"development":[82],"soldiers":[90],"Kingdom,":[95],"States?In":[99],"order":[100],"to":[101,112,143,170,174,200,208,248,297,345,350],"answer":[102],"this":[103],"research":[104],"question,":[105],"I":[106,133,149,163,193],"proposed":[107],"series":[109],"hypotheses":[111],"examine":[113],"role":[115],"strategic":[118],"actors":[119,188,356],"process:":[123],"military":[124],"lawyers,":[125],"government":[126],"officials,":[127],"representatives":[129],"from":[130],"non-governmental":[131],"organizations.":[132],"analyzed":[134],"data":[135,173],"required":[137],"both":[138],"quantitative":[139],"qualitative":[141],"methods":[142,179],"test":[144,212],"hypotheses.":[146,215],"Specifically,":[147],"qualitatively,":[148],"performed":[150],"content":[152],"analysis":[153],"total":[156],"69":[158],"semi-structured":[159],"interviews;":[160],"and,":[161],"quantitatively,":[162],"used":[164],"NVivo":[165],"11":[166],"coding":[167],"query":[168],"tools":[169],"generate":[171],"numerical":[172],"present":[175],"aggregate":[176],"results.":[177],"allowed":[180],"for":[181,260],"comparing":[182],"roles":[184],"each":[190,232],"national":[191,368],"context.":[192],"utilized":[194],"comparative":[196],"case":[197],"study":[198],"method":[199],"identify":[201],"causal":[202],"patterns":[203],"across":[204],"offer":[209],"second":[211],"My":[216],"suggested":[218],"an":[219,347],"explanatory":[220],"relationship":[221],"between":[222,241],"NGOs\u2019":[223,239,295],"choice":[224,240],"strategies":[226,288],"outcomes":[230,300,360],"countries.":[236],"First,":[237],"different":[242],"types":[243],"framing":[245,251],"how":[247,354],"engage":[249,357],"contests,":[252],"during":[253,301,316],"agenda-setting":[255],"stage,":[256],"had":[257],"far-reaching":[258],"implications":[259],"policy-making":[262],"process.":[263],"It":[264],"defined":[265],"key":[267],"demarcated":[270],"boundaries":[271],"issue":[274],"domain":[278],"abounds":[280],"with":[281,331],"contested":[282,362],"elements.":[283],"Second,":[284],"selection":[286],"decision-making":[290],"venues":[291],"simultaneously":[292],"influenced":[293],"ability":[296],"shape":[298,359],"formulation":[304],"stage.":[305],"Third,":[306],"application":[308],"strategy":[311],"\u2018naming":[313],"shaming\u2019":[315],"implementation":[319],"stage":[320],"remained":[321],"effective":[322],"only":[323],"if":[324],"NGOs":[326],"applied":[327],"it":[328],"combination":[330],"other":[332],"instruments,":[334],"such":[335],"as":[336],"use":[338],"domestic":[340],"litigation.":[341],"hopes":[344],"make":[346],"empirical":[348],"contribution":[349],"debate":[352],"domains,":[364],"which":[365],"require":[366],"balancing":[367],"human":[371],"rights":[372],"agendas.":[373]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-06T09:10:53.072986","created_date":"2018-12-22T00:00:00"}