{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2905509239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718812602","title":"Racial diversity and its asymmetry within and across hierarchical levels: The effects on financial performance","display_name":"Racial diversity and its asymmetry within and across hierarchical levels: The effects on financial performance","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2905509239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718812602","mag":"2905509239"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018726718812602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718812602","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718812602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61446109","display_name":"Human Relations","issn_l":"0018-7267","issn":["0018-7267","1741-282X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Relations","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038638244","display_name":"Stephen Joel Smulowitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3935-8013","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3935-8013"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130154697","display_name":"International Institute for Management Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv5gg87","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130154697"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Smulowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMD Global Board Center, International Institute for Management Development, Switzerland,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3935-8013","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMD Global Board Center, International Institute for Management Development, Switzerland,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130154697"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066821616","display_name":"Manuel Becerra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0054-3606","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0054-3606"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165143802","display_name":"The University of Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/00rqy9422","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Becerra","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Queensland Business School, Australia,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Queensland Business School, Australia,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165143802"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027393339","display_name":"Margarita C. Mayo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2114-8114","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2114-8114"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125068653","display_name":"IE University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jjdwm75","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125068653"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Margarita Mayo","raw_affiliation_strings":["IE Business School, Spain,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IE Business School, Spain,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125068653"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027393339","https://openalex.org/A5038638244","https://openalex.org/A5066821616"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125068653","https://openalex.org/I130154697","https://openalex.org/I165143802"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":34.8999,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":533,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99827466,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"10","first_page":"1671","last_page":"1696"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10970","display_name":"Team Dynamics and Performance","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-diversity","display_name":"racial diversity","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-hierarchy","display_name":"organizational hierarchy","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-performance","display_name":"financial performance","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-firms","display_name":"law firms","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/associates","display_name":"associates","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partners","display_name":"partners","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mid-level-employees","display_name":"mid-level employees","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-case-for-diversity","display_name":"business case for diversity","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-diversity","display_name":"organizational diversity","score":0.3230000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.8364326357841492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53059260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374758","display_name":"Multilevel model","level":2,"score":0.5293643474578857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.418728232383728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4155789613723755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.368465393781662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.31009650230407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.22864478826522827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.20425215363502502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0018726718812602","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718812602","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718812602","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61446109","display_name":"Human Relations","issn_l":"0018-7267","issn":["0018-7267","1741-282X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Relations","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8974000215530396,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321837","display_name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1799750435","https://openalex.org/W1840218356","https://openalex.org/W1927360298","https://openalex.org/W1964105666","https://openalex.org/W1980091374","https://openalex.org/W2001278366","https://openalex.org/W2020597523","https://openalex.org/W2022464302","https://openalex.org/W2029351675","https://openalex.org/W2048555149","https://openalex.org/W2055940620","https://openalex.org/W2058718434","https://openalex.org/W2068478044","https://openalex.org/W2069572783","https://openalex.org/W2081229662","https://openalex.org/W2089196032","https://openalex.org/W2089576145","https://openalex.org/W2100320021","https://openalex.org/W2102513161","https://openalex.org/W2109337337","https://openalex.org/W2115638724","https://openalex.org/W2117821362","https://openalex.org/W2120260080","https://openalex.org/W2122529124","https://openalex.org/W2127036993","https://openalex.org/W2127444541","https://openalex.org/W2132959359","https://openalex.org/W2135586823","https://openalex.org/W2141029246","https://openalex.org/W2147142066","https://openalex.org/W2147238380","https://openalex.org/W2147279185","https://openalex.org/W2148062801","https://openalex.org/W2148702225","https://openalex.org/W2149015162","https://openalex.org/W2149895229","https://openalex.org/W2153771088","https://openalex.org/W2156114071","https://openalex.org/W2159880414","https://openalex.org/W2160956610","https://openalex.org/W2164579412","https://openalex.org/W2165625270","https://openalex.org/W2166061111","https://openalex.org/W2167932651","https://openalex.org/W2168153269","https://openalex.org/W2170174559","https://openalex.org/W2172004501","https://openalex.org/W2300952196","https://openalex.org/W2476597788","https://openalex.org/W2508661491","https://openalex.org/W2516982172","https://openalex.org/W2577537786","https://openalex.org/W3122759333","https://openalex.org/W3124536214","https://openalex.org/W4230414750","https://openalex.org/W4242293675","https://openalex.org/W4388169909"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053172210","https://openalex.org/W7037680685","https://openalex.org/W291809523","https://openalex.org/W7019659219","https://openalex.org/W7142831368","https://openalex.org/W2157025396","https://openalex.org/W1990080287","https://openalex.org/W4283826237","https://openalex.org/W4389032406","https://openalex.org/W1964105666"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"benefits":[1,100],"and":[2,16,46,76,138,167,181],"drawbacks":[3],"of":[4,12,59,101,110,178,184],"diversity":[5,31,43,81,102,152,180,186],"inside":[6],"organizations":[7,45],"have":[8,125,149,173],"been":[9],"the":[10,26,73,83,99,108,111,130,144,156,169,188],"focus":[11],"attention":[13],"for":[14,18,29,72,82,163],"researchers":[15],"practitioners":[17],"several":[19],"decades.":[20],"In":[21],"our":[22,96],"article,":[23],"we":[24,38,68,141],"investigate":[25],"business":[27,74],"case":[28,75],"racial":[30,42,80,151,179],"across":[32,49,129],"different":[33],"hierarchical":[34,50],"levels.":[35],"More":[36],"precisely,":[37],"ask:":[39],"How":[40],"does":[41],"within":[44],"its":[47,114,185],"asymmetry":[48],"levels":[51,132],"affect":[52],"their":[53,150],"financial":[54,91],"performance?":[55],"From":[56],"a":[57,126],"sample":[58],"143":[60],"US":[61],"law":[62,134,171],"firms":[63,147,172],"from":[64],"2008":[65],"to":[66,95,124],"2012,":[67],"provide":[69],"strong":[70],"support":[71],"show":[77],"that":[78,143],"greater":[79],"entire":[84],"organization":[85],"is":[86],"positively":[87],"associated":[88],"with":[89],"firm":[90],"performance.":[92],"However,":[93],"contrary":[94],"initial":[97],"expectations,":[98],"are":[103],"not":[104],"more":[105,119,182],"pronounced":[106],"at":[107,155,187],"top":[109],"organization,":[112],"where":[113],"effects":[115],"should":[116],"arguably":[117],"be":[118],"clearly":[120],"observable.":[121],"Diversity":[122],"seems":[123],"similar":[127],"effect":[128],"three":[131],"in":[133],"firms:":[135],"associates,":[136],"mid-level":[137],"partners.":[139],"Furthermore,":[140],"find":[142],"most":[145],"profitable":[146],"actually":[148],"heavily":[153],"concentrated":[154],"associate":[157],"level.":[158,190],"We":[159],"discuss":[160],"alternative":[161],"explanations":[162],"this":[164],"surprising":[165],"finding":[166],"why":[168],"top-performing":[170],"both":[174],"overall":[175],"higher":[176],"degree":[177],"concentration":[183],"lower":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":87},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":174},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":141},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2018-12-22T00:00:00"}